Fig. 1. Schematic and lightpath diagrams of multimodal imaging microscope. (a) Model diagram; (b) illumination mode of LED array; (c) lightpath diagram; (d) flow chart of noise quantitative estimation and removal

Fig. 2. Multimodal imaging microscopy. (a) Rendering; (b) physical photograph

Fig. 3. qDPC images of USAF1951 QPT. (a1)(b1) qDPC images before and after denoising; (a2) region enclosed by pink box in Fig. 3(a1); (b2) region enclosed by blue box in Fig. 3(b1); (a3)(a4) regions extracted from solid-line box and dashed-line box in Fig. 3(a2); (b3)(b4) regions extracted from solid-line box and dashed-line box in Fig. 3(b2); (c) phase reconstruction result along red line in Fig. 3(a1); (d) phase reconstruction result along green line in Fig. 3(b1)

Fig. 4. Microlens array. (a) Schematic diagram; (b) dimensional drawing

Fig. 5. qDPC images of microlens array. （a） Phase reconstruction image of microlens array； （b） three-dimensional representation of Fig. 5（a）； （c） local enlargement of Fig. 5（a）； （d） phase reconstruction result along the green line in Fig. 5（c）

Fig. 6. Multimodal imaging. (a1)‒(a3) BF, DF, and cDPC images of paramecium; (b1)‒(b3) BF, DF, and cDPC images of diatom; (c1)‒(c3) BF, DF, and cDPC images of U2OS cells

Fig. 7. Multimodal imaging denoising results. (a1)‒(c1) BF, DF, and cDPC images of U2OS cells; (a2)‒(c2) cropped regions of images in Figs. 7(a1)‒(c1) before denoising; (a3)‒(c3) cropped regions of images in Figs. 7(a1)‒(c1) after denoising

Fig. 8. Comparison of qDPC images of biological samples before and after denoising. (a1)‒(a3) qDPC images of copepod antenna of cyclops before and after denoising and phase reconstruction results; (b1)‒(b3) qDPC images of onion epidermal cells before and after denoising and phase reconstruction results