Progress on Mid-Infrared Mode-Locked Fluoride Fiber Lasers

Hongyu Luo; Jianfeng Li

doi:10.3788/CJL202249.0101003

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 49, Issue 1, 0101003(2022)

Progress on Mid-Infrared Mode-Locked Fluoride Fiber Lasers

Hongyu Luo and Jianfeng Li^*

State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China

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Figures & Tables(15)

Fig. 1. Er³⁺-, Ho³⁺-, and Dy³⁺-doped fluoride glasses.（a）Mid-infrared emission spectra^[19-22];（b）corresponding energy level diagrams, transitions, and pump methods^[19-29]

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Fig. 2. Working mechanism of MSA effect

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Fig. 3. SESAM mode-locked Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ codoped ZBLAN fiber laser^[43].（a）Experimental setup;（b）time domain pulse sequence;（c）optical spectra in the CW and mode-locking regimes;（d）autocorrelation trace

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Fig. 4. Commercial semiconductor materials or components mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers.（a）Experimental setup of the InAs mode-locked Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped ZBLAN fiber ring oscillator at 2.86 μm and the autocorrelation trace^[47];（b）experimental setup of the SESAM mode-locked high-power Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.78 μm and the output power evolution^[51];（c）experimental setup of the SESAM mode-locked tunable Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser around 2.8 μm and the optical spectra^[57];（d）experimental setup of the SESAM mode-locked high-stability polarization-maintaining Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser around 2.8 μm and the noise characteristics^[67]

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Fig. 5. Device schematics and pulse trains of novel nanomaterials mode-locked ZBLAN fiber laser. (a) Black phosphorus mode-locked 2.77 μm all-fiber Er³⁺-doped ^[59]；(b) black phosphorus mode-locked 3.49 μm dual-wavelength pumped Er³⁺-doped^[58]; (c) gold nanowires mode-locked 2.86 μm Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺ co-doped^[65]

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Fig. 6. Working mechanism of NPR effect

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Fig. 7. NPR mode-locked Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fluoride fiber ring oscillator at 2.8 μm ^[69]. (a) Schematic of setup; (b）optical spectra；（c）time domain pulse sequence;（d）autocorrelation trace

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Fig. 8. Device schematic and correlated characteristic of NPR mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers. (a) NPR mode-locked 2.8 μm Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber oscillator, amplifier, and compressor^[79];（b）NPR mode-locked tunable Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber oscillator^[80];（c）NPR mode-locked dual-wavelength pumped Er³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber oscillator^[81]

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Fig. 9. Comparison of SA and FSF mode-locking mechanisms^[90]

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Fig. 10. FSF mode-locked Dy³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser based on AOTF^[90].（a）Experimental setup;（b）power evolution;（c） Q-switched and mode-locked optical spectra;（d）time domain pulse sequence;（e）autocorrelation trace;（f）tuned mode-locked spectra

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Fig. 11. FSF mode-locked Dy³⁺-doped ZBLAN fiber laser based on AOM^[94].（a）Experimental setup;（b）optical spectrum

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Table 1. Performance parameters of typical continuous wave（CW）mid-infrared Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Dy³⁺-doped fluoride fiber lasers

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Table 1. Performance parameters of typical continuous wave（CW）mid-infrared Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Dy³⁺-doped fluoride fiber lasers

Dopants	Host material	λ_P/nm	P /W	λ_L/nm	Reference
Er³⁺	ZBLAN	980	41.20	2824	[30]
Er³⁺	ZBLAN	975	11.00	2710-2880	[31]
Er³⁺	ZBLAN	976+1976	5.60	3552	[32]
Er³⁺	ZBLAN	980+1973	1.50	3330-3780	[33]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	ZBLAN	1150	7.20	2825-2975	[34]
Ho³⁺	ZBLAN	532	0.11	3220	[35]
Ho³⁺	InF₃	888	0.20	3917-3924	[21]
Dy³⁺	ZBLAN	2830	10.10	3239	[36]
Dy³⁺	ZBLAN	1700	0.17	2807-3380	[26]

Table 2. Progress and performance parameters of MSA mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

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Table 2. Progress and performance parameters of MSA mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Dopants	SA	λ /nm	τ /ps	P_ave/mW	P_peak/W	E /nJ	Time	Reference
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	SESAM	2872.0	24	132.0	206	4.9	2012-09	[43]
Er³⁺	Fe²⁺∶ZnSe	2783.0	19 (estimated)	51.4	-	0.93	2012-09	[45]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2784.0	5 (estimated)	142.0	-	-	2014-03	[46]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	InAs	2859.5	6	69.2	465	-	2014-04	[47]
Er³⁺	Graphene	-	-	-	-	-	2014-06	[48]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2797.0	60 (estimated)	440.0	-	-	2014-06	[49]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	Bi₂Te₃	2830.0	6	90.0	1400	8.6	2015-05	[50]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2780.0	25	1050.0	1860	-	2015-11	[51]
Er³⁺	Black phosphorus	2783.0	42	613.0	610	25.5	2016-01	[52]
Er³⁺	Graphene	2784.5	42	18.0	17	0.7	2016-01	[53]
Ho³⁺	Black phosphorus	2866.7	8.6	87.8	-	6.28	2016-07	[54]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	Cd₃As₂	2860.0	6.3	-	-	-	2017-01	[55]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	SESAM	2842.0	22	127.7	-	-	2017-08	[56]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	SESAM	2876.0	22	127.7	-	-	2017-08	[56]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2710.0	6.4	203.0	1100	7.02	2017-11	[57]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2820.0	6.4	203.0	1100	7.02	2017-11	[57]
Er³⁺	Black phosphorus	3489.0	-	40.0	-	-	2018-04	[58]
Er³⁺	Black phosphorus	2771.1	-	6.2.0	-	-	2018-11	[59]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	Carbon nanotube	2865.2	-	71.8	-	-	2019-02	[60]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	Carbon nanotube	2836.0	5.3 (estimated)	126.6	-	-	2019-06	[61]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	Carbon nanotube	2906.0	5.3 (estimated)	126.6	-	-	2019-06	[61]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2791.0	15	150.0	-	-	2019-06	[62]
Er³⁺	WSe₂	2790.0	21	360.0	-	8.4	2019-12	[63]
Er³⁺	PtSe₂	2796.0	-	223.0	-	-	2019-12	[64]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	Gold nanowires	2865.0	12	98.0	-	-	2021-04	[65]
Er³⁺	Ti₃C₂T_x	2796.0	11.4 (estimated)	603.0	-	-	2021-06	[66]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2717.0	44	446.0	-	-	2021-09	[67]
Er³⁺	SESAM	2827.0	44	446.0	-	-	2021-09	[67]

Table 3. Progress and performance parameters of NPR mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

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Table 3. Progress and performance parameters of NPR mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Dopants	λ /nm	τ /fs	P_ave/mW	P_peak/W	E /nJ	Time	Reference
Er³⁺	2805	207	44	3.50	0.80	2015-07	[69]
Er³⁺	2793	497	205	6.40	3.62	2015-09	[70]
Er³⁺	2800	270	-	23.00	7.00	2016-03	[71]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	2876	180	327	37.00	7.60	2016-12	[72]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	2865	70	200	12.30	3.70	2017-12	[73]
Er³⁺	2785	805	45	5.40	4.30	2018-11	[74]
Dy³⁺	3050	828	175	3.11	2.92	2019-01	[75]
Dy³⁺	3083	1010	204	4.21	4.83	2019-01	[75]
Er³⁺	2785	430	124	-	5.30	2019-09	[76]
Er³⁺	2791	215	-	43.30	9.30	2019-12	[77]
Er³⁺	2783	131	317	22.68	2.97	2020-03	[78]
Er³⁺	-	15.9	-	500.00	11.00	2020-05	[79]
Er³⁺	2752-2807	239	136	9.60	2.60	2021-02	[80]
Er³⁺	3545	580	216	5.50	3.20	2021-04	[81]

Table 4. Progress and performance parameters of FSF mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

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Table 4. Progress and performance parameters of FSF mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Dopants	Frequency shifter	λ /nm	τ /ps	P_ave/mW	P_peak/W	E /nJ	Time	Reference
Dy³⁺	AOTF	2970-3300	33	120	-	2.7	2018-11	[90]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	AOM	2864	4.7	300	1900	10	2019-04	[91]
Er³⁺	AOTF	3397-3612	53	208	-	1.38	2020-01	[92]
Ho³⁺/Pr³⁺	AOTF	2840-2940	27	315	170	8.1	2020-10	[93]
Er³⁺	AOTF/AOM	2769/2769	31/20	345	-	-	2021-06	[94]
Dy³⁺	AOM	3075	0.8 (estimated)	-	-	-	2021-06	[94]

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Hongyu Luo, Jianfeng Li. Progress on Mid-Infrared Mode-Locked Fluoride Fiber Lasers[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2022, 49(1): 0101003

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Paper Information

Category: laser devices and laser physics

Received: Sep. 22, 2021

Accepted: Oct. 28, 2021

Published Online: Dec. 13, 2021

The Author Email: Li Jianfeng (lijianfeng@uestc.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/CJL202249.0101003

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Performance parameters of typical continuous wave（CW）mid-infrared Er3+, Ho3+, and Dy3+-doped fluoride fiber lasers

Table 1. Performance parameters of typical continuous wave（CW）mid-infrared Er3+, Ho3+, and Dy3+-doped fluoride fiber lasers

Table 2. Progress and performance parameters of MSA mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Table 2. Progress and performance parameters of MSA mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Table 3. Progress and performance parameters of NPR mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Table 3. Progress and performance parameters of NPR mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Table 4. Progress and performance parameters of FSF mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Table 4. Progress and performance parameters of FSF mode-locked mid-infrared fluoride fiber lasers

Table 1. Performance parameters of typical continuous wave（CW）mid-infrared Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Dy³⁺-doped fluoride fiber lasers

Table 1. Performance parameters of typical continuous wave（CW）mid-infrared Er³⁺, Ho³⁺, and Dy³⁺-doped fluoride fiber lasers