Fig. 1. Schematic of the working principle of a neutral atomic optical clock

Fig. 2. Schematic plot for Dick noise (Ramsey interrogation) [solid line ω(t) is the noise of the clock laser frequency, the dot and square are the effective detuning in each clock interrogation period with duty cycle d=0.99 and d=0.3, respectively. The dashed line and dot-dashed line in the illustration represent the sensitivity function for d=0.99 and d=0.3]

Fig. 3. Huisimi-Q function projection of atomic internal state wavefunctions under Ramsey interrogation on the unit sphere. (a) N=1;(b) N=10; (c) N=100; (d) N=1000

Fig. 4. Optical lattice. (a) Top-down density plot of the potential energy of a one-dimensional optical lattice propagating in the z-direction; (b) top-down density plot of the potential energy of a two-dimensional optical lattice on the xy plane; (c) contour plot of the potential energy of a three-dimensional optical lattice; (d1) spectrum before modulation^[23]; (d2) spectrum after modulation^[23]; (d3) schematic diagram of the Floquet-designed optical lattice^[23]; (e) potential density plot of the optical tweezer array