Fig. 1. Emissivity ε based on rare earth zirconate ceramic crystal materials. (a) Hold k fixed and vary n; (b) hold n fixed and vary k

Fig. 2. Generation of pseudo-polarization information^[13]. (a) (c) Real polarization images; (b) (d) pseudo-polarization images

Fig. 3. Time division infrared polarization detection system^[19]. (a) Theoretical detection of optical paths; (b) main detailed features of the Lavigne-designed multi-band polarization detector

Fig. 4. Intensity image, polarization degree image, polarization angle image collected by Lavigne polarization equipment^[19]. (a)‒(c) Short-wave infrared polarization imaging; (d)‒(f) mid-wave infrared polarization imaging; (g)‒(i) long-wave infrared polarization imaging

Fig. 5. Amplitude-division polarization imaging system. (a) Dual-channel system^[26]; (b) four-channel system^[29]; (c) relay system for four-channel system

Fig. 6. Divided aperture infrared polarization imaging system. (a) Theoretical detection optical paths for imaging system^[32]. (b) an image captured by a device developed by Polaris Sensor Inc^[33]

Fig. 7. Focal plane structure of the divided focal plane polarization imaging system. (a) Polarized focal plane arrays developed by Nordin et al.^[39]; (b) the new fully polarized focal plane array developed by the US Air Force Research Laboratory^[37]

Fig. 8. Infrared polarization imaging detection applied in the military field. (a) Visible light images of different materials on the ground; (b) DoLP images of different materials^[41]; (c) visible light images of trucks; (d) long-wave infrared intensity image; (e) long-wave infrared polarized image^[16]; (f) visible light images of mines, including unconcealed and concealed by weeds and mine dust; (g) DoLP images under long-wave infrared detection; (h) AoP images under long-wave infrared detection^[42]; (i) multiple detectors mounted on Land Rover platform; (j) test sites for the laying of mines; (k) mid-wave infrared polarization detection of mine images; (l) long-wave infrared polarization detection of mine images^[43].

Fig. 9. Infrared polarization imaging detection for civil applications. (a) Regional distribution of four-season cloud-top height inversion in the northeastern region^[46]; (b) lens components^[47]; (c) normal oral squamous cell pathology images; (d) pathologic images of cancerous oral squamous cells^[51]