Fig. 1. (A) Location map of Hailin impact crater. The crater is situated in the southeast of Heilongjiang province. The red dots on the map represent the locations of four confirmed meteorite craters in northeast China: 1, Xiuyan impact crater; 2, Yilan impact crater; 3, Baijifeng impact crater; 4. Hailin impact crater. (B) Panoramic view of Hailin impact crater. The oval crater is located on the hillside and has a maximum rim-to-rim diameter of 1360 m. The insert in the upper right corner is a bird’s-eye view of the crater. A state-run forest farm is stationed in the crater, and many buildings can be seen in the picture. Image: Google CNES/Airbus Maxar technologies Landsat/Copernicus data SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. (C) Geological map of Hailin impact crater and its surrounding area, modified from the literature:⁹ 1, Neoproterozoic strata (Pt₁); 2, Upper Jurassic strata (J₃); 3, Quaternary strata (Q); 4, Neoproterozoic granodiorite (γδPt₃); 5, Neoproterozoic diorite (δPt₃); 6, Neoproterozoic gabbro (νPt₃); 7, Late Permian monzonitic granite (ηγP₃); 8, Late Jurassic orthoclase granite (ξγT₃); 9, fault; 10, impact crater. (D) Granodiorite fragments exposed on the crater floor.

Fig. 2. Planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz. (A) Optical microscope images of PDFs in quartz (Qz) under cross-polarized light. (a) One set of (101̄3) PDFs in a quartz single crystal. The quartz grain contains one set of decorated PDFs. (b) Two adjacent quartz crystals, each with (101̄3) PDFs, showing an angular unconformity contact relationship between the PDFs. (c) Two sets of (101̄3) and (011̄3) PDFs in a quartz single crystal. (d) Two sets of dense (101̄3) and (011̄3) PDFs in a quartz single crystal. The quartz grain contains two prominent decorated PDF sets. (B) Frequency percent and angles between c axis and PDF planes, binned at 5°, showing crystallographic orientations of PDFs in 30 quartz grains. (C) PDFs and crystallographic indices indexed in 30 quartz grains.