Fig. 1. 3DGS overall framework flowchart

Fig. 2. Specific process of adaptive density control

Fig. 3. Different pixel ranges selected by 3DGS and the proposed method. (a) 3DGS algorithm; (b) proposed method

Fig. 4. Different integration strategies used in 3DGS and the proposed method. (a) 3DGS algorithm (performing numerical integration in the integration area); (b) proposed method (performing window integration in the integration area)

Fig. 5. Rotation integration of pixels in the window area. (a) Integration in the original pixel area; (b) integration after rotating the pixel area

Fig. 6. Conditions for adaptive density control before and after improvement

Fig. 7. Improved overall framework flowchart

Fig. 8. Partial images in the dataset

Fig. 9. Comparison curves of PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS indicators between 3DGS algorithm and the proposed method. (a) PSNR; (b) SSIM; (c) LPIPS

Fig. 10. Comparison of rendering effects before and after 3DGS algorithm improvement. (a) Original images; (b) 3DGS algorithm; (c) proposed method