Fig. 1. Framework of this review

Fig. 2. Nano channels fabricated by femtosecond Bessel beam^[34]. (a) Processing diagram by femtosecond Bessel beam; (b) schematic of conical energy transmission to center; channels processed at energies of (c) 0.65 mJ and (d) 0.85 mJ

Fig. 3. [in Chinese]

Fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and Raman imaging results of multi-ring structures processed by different polarization beams^[45]. (a)‒(c) Linear polarization beam; (d)‒(f) azimuthal polarization beam

Fig. 5. Fabrication of chiral micro-nanostructures. (a)‒(f) Schematic of laser polarization-directed growth of chiral nanostructures^[51];

Fig. 6. Preparation of high depth-to-width ratio structures. (a)‒(h) Preparation of high aspect-ratio nanopore with diameter of 10‒30 nm on sapphire substrate using optimized longitudinal field^[58]; (i)‒(r) evolution of vertical nanopillar morphology on surface of laser-induced materials with laser flux of Bessel ring and its formation mechanism^[61]

Fig. 7. Liquid crystal polarization gratings. (a) 1D grating morphology and molecular orientation under polarized light microscope^[79]; (b) two-dimensional gratings with different crossing angles under polarized light microscope^[81]; (c) light splitting of wideband achromatic high efficiency grating ^[77]

Fig. 8. Liquid crystal lenses. (a) Images of microlens with Fnumber of 2 charactered by polarized optical microscope^[83]; (b) shortening focal length of large-size liquid crystal lenses by double-sided machining^[86]; (c) orientation distribution diagrams, element representation images, and effects of elements on light for liquid crystal lens and liquid crystal axicon^[87]

Fig. 9. Liquid crystal vortex phase elements. (a) Polarization light microscopy photographs of liquid crystal vortex plates with different topological charge numbers^[88]; (b) theoretical and experimental representations of vortex plates (and arrays) with complex phase distributions^[89]; (c) parallel optical spin and orbital angular momentum encoding based on digitized geometric phase ^[90]