Adhesive materials, as one of the critical materials in nuclear power plants, play a crucial role in nuclear applications. In comparison to traditional organic adhesives, inorganic adhesives exhibit unique advantages in the nuclear field due to their excellent high-temperature stability, radiation resistance, weather resistance, and cost-effectiveness. This paper firstly provides an overview of the composition, structure, classification, and basic characteristics of inorganic adhesives, followed by a detailed exploration of the bonding mechanisms, modification strategies, and performance enhancement methods of phosphate inorganic adhesives and silicate inorganic adhesives. Research indicates that by optimizing fillers, introducing cross-linking agents, and adjusting curing agents, the high-temperature resistance of inorganic adhesives can be effectively improved. Similarly, significant enhancements in radiation resistance can be achieved through adjustments in curing processes, interfacial optimization, and the introduction of antioxidants. Additionally, innovative applications of inorganic adhesives such as preloading techniques, control of curing temperature, and special treatment of bonding interfaces are discussed. This study provides new perspectives and strategic references for inorganic adhesives application in nuclear power system, thereby facilitating the development of adhesive technology in the field of nuclear power.