Raman spectroscopy can provide information on the molecular composition and structure of analyzed samples, used for analyzing and detecting the biochemical components of biological tissues and exploring the structure of biomolecules. It offers advantages such as non-destructiveness, high sensitivity, and rapid detection, and is widely applied in forensic identification and port sample testing. This review briefly outlines the basic principles of Raman spectroscopy and provides a detailed introduction to its advancements and latest research achievements in blood species identification from three aspects: detection methods, data preprocessing, and data classification. Additionally, it points out some current limitations of the technology and discusses the challenges encountered in data collection, processing, classification, and the establishment of spectral libraries. Finally, it explores the future research and development prospects of Raman spectroscopy, providing necessary references for subsequent research in this field.