Fig. 1. Flow chart of design procedure

Fig. 2. Final structure of the liquid zoom cylindrical lens based on a PDMS substrate

Fig. 3. The curves of the back focal length and focal length of the two kinds of liquid cylindrical lenses system as a function of the liquid refractive index

Fig. 4. ZEMAX simulation results of the liquid zoom cylindrical lens. (a)-(d) Ray tracing diagrams of the cylindrical lens in y-z plane; (e)-(h) the corresponding spherical aberration curves along the Y direction

Fig. 5. RMS radius, Airy spot radius and peak-to-valley wavefront aberration in the Y direction

Fig. 6. MTF curves of the liquid cylindrical lens under different zoom states. (a) n=1.3330, f_B=52.292 mm; (b) n=1.3610, f_B=33.641 mm; (c) n=1.4730, f_B=10.345 mm; (d) n=1.5530, f_B=4.972 mm

Fig. 7. Variation in RMS spot radius in the Y direction with back focal length curves for liquid cylindrical lens with ±1% curvature radius errors for each surface

Fig. 8. Variation in RMS spot radius in the Y direction with back focal length curves for liquid cylindrical lens with thickness errors. (a) Error of 0.1 mm for each surface; (b) different thickness errors for the 4th surface

Fig. 9. Variation in RMS spot radius in the Y direction with back focal length curves for liquid cylindrical lens with decentering errors. (a) Error of 0.03 mm for each surface; (b) different decentering errors for the 5th surface

Fig. 10. Variation in RMS spot radius in the Y direction with back focal length curves for liquid cylindrical lens with different tilt errors

Fig. 11. Experimental device diagram for measuring MTF values of the liquid cylindrical lens system

Fig. 12. The curves of the back focal length of the liquid cylindrical lenses system as a function of the liquid refractive index

Fig. 13. Comparison of MTF simulation results and experimental results of the cylindrical lens system filled with different refractive index liquids