Fig. 1. Micromorphology of raw material powder. (a) Cu powder; (b) W powder

Fig. 2. Cross section of laser cladding material. (a) Schematic; (b) actual

Fig. 3. Width-height ratio of cladding layer versus laser power and scanning speed

Fig. 4. Influences of process parameters on formation of dilution zone

Fig. 5. Dilution ratio of cladding layer versus powder-feeding density and surface energy density

Fig. 6. Particle distribution in cross-section of cladding layer under different parameters. (a) ξ=14.00×10-3 g·mm-2, ε=30.00×10-3 kJ·mm-2; (b) ξ=15.56×10-3 g·mm-2, ε=31.48×10-3 kJ·mm-2; (c) ξ=13.00×10-3 g·mm-2, ε=26.67×10-3 kJ·mm-2; (d) ξ=13.00×10-3 g·mm-2, ε=13.33×10-3 kJ·mm-2; (e) ξ=17.67×10-3 g·mm-2, ε=13.33×10-3 kJ·mm-2; (f) ξ=18.67×10-3 g·mm-2, ε=13.33×10-3 kJ·mm-2

Fig. 7. Line scanning results of cladding layer. (a) Region; (b) spectrogram

Fig. 8. Influences of process parameters on particle distribution in cross-section of cladding layer

Fig. 9. Particle distribution in cladding layers versus effective mass energy density

Fig. 10. Relative density of cladding samples versus (a) laser power and scanning speed, and (b) effective mass energy density

Fig. 11. Diagram of single track multi-layer cladding with different width-height ratios. (a) Small width-height ratio; (b) large width-height ratio