Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of ISAC system based on forward-propagation signal for sensing

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of ISAC via multiplexing among various optical field dimensions

Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of ISAC system. (a) Based on multi-core fiber; (b) based on few-mode fiber

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of ISAC system based on wavelength-division multiplexing

Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of ISAC system based on co-wavelength frequency division multiplexing

Fig. 6. Proposed ISAC system architecture

Fig. 7. Experimental ISAC system for high-capacity optical communication and ULF DAS

Fig. 8. Photograph of the experimental ISAC platform

Fig. 9. Comparison of sensing performance between in-band and out-of-band FDM schemes

Fig. 10. Comparison of in-band and out-of-band FDM schemes. (a) Communication Q-factor; (b) received ISAC signal spectra

Fig. 11. Time-domain waveforms of 50 Hz vibration. (a) Direct detection; (b) coherent detection

Fig. 12. BER performance for 96 wavelength channels

Fig. 13. Measured vibration results of PZT. (a) Time-distance mapping waterfall plot; (b) vibration time-domain waveform; (c) ASD