Fig. 1. Original and π-phase-shifted fringe patterns. (a) Original fringe; (b) π-phase-shifted fringe; (c) cross sections of (a) and (b); (d) partial enlargement of Fig. 1(c).

Fig. 2. 3D shape reconstruction of a mask under image saturation. (a) Original fringes with frequency 15/912; (b) 3D reconstruction by the TM; (c) 3D reconstruction by the PM.

Fig. 3. 3D shape reconstruction of a Chinese porcelain. (a) Original fringes with frequency 15/912; (b) 3D reconstruction by the TM; (c) 3D reconstruction by the PM.

Fig. 4. 3D shape reconstruction comparisons of a metal product. (a) An original fringe with frequency 15/912; (b) π-phase-shifted fringe with frequency 15/912; (c) adaptive projection fringe with frequency 15/912; (d) fringe with exposure time 15 ms and frequency 180/912; (e) optimal fringe with frequency 180/912; (f) 3D measurement using the TM; (g) 3D measurement using the AFPM; (h) 3D measurement using the PM; (i) 3D measurement using the MEAM (24 exposures).

Fig. 5. NPE comparisons.

Fig. 6. 3D shape reconstruction comparisons of a wireless mouse. (a) 3D measurement using the TM; (b) 3D measurement using the AFPM; (c) 3D measurement using the PM; (d) 3D measurement using the 24-exposure adjustment method.

Fig. 7. Unwrapped phase comparison of the metal part. (a) High-frequency captured fringe pattern; (b) mid-frequency captured fringe pattern; (c) low-frequency captured fringe pattern; (d) unwrapped phase using the TM; (e) unwrapped phase using the PM; (f) unwrapped phase using the 3F-8S. (g) Cross-sectional comparison of the unwrapped phase (line 80).

Fig. 8. Actual measurement of the metal part. (a) High-precision standard part; (b) actual measurement of the metal part thickness; (c) actual measured value.

Fig. 9. 3D point clouds of the metal part using the TM, PM, and 3F-8S. (a) 3D point cloud using the TM; (b) 3D point cloud using the PM; (c) 3D point cloud using the 3F-8S.