Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the proposed CSPPL: (a) 3D view; (b) cross section of y = 0.

Fig. 2. Intensity distributions of electric field in (a) z = 0.1 µm plane, (b) x = 0 plane, and (c) y = 0 plane.

Fig. 3. Optical force along the (a) x direction, (b) y direction, and (c) z direction for different semi-major radii a, respectively.

Fig. 4. Intensity distributions of the electric field in the x–y plane with (a)–(e) different incident phase differences Δϕ and (f)–(j) different incident angles θ₂.

Fig. 5. Effect of the incident phase difference Δϕ and the incident angle θ₂ on the potential well. (a) Displacement of the center antinode along the x direction as a function of the incident phase difference. (b) Optical potential as a function of the incident phase difference. (c) Displacement of the center antinode along the x direction as a function of the incident angle. (d) Optical potential as a function of the incident angle.