Fig. 1. Smeared star image

Fig. 2. Flow chart of the proposed algorithm

Fig. 3. Smeared star spot spectrogram (no noise)

Fig. 4. Results of amplitude spectrum and angle detection. (a) Star spot amplitude spectrum; (b) direct detection result; (c) upgraded spot amplitude spectrum; (d) improved detection result

Fig. 5. Distribution of star spot gradient

Fig. 6. Comparison of recovery effect. (a) Unrestored star spot; (b) rough recovery star spot; (c) fine recovery star spot

Fig. 7. Comparison of original star spot and restored star spot. (a) Linear direction of motion; (b) vertical direction of motion

Fig. 8. Experimental hardware platform

Fig. 9. Star-point coordinate curves at 3.3 Hz with different disturbance amplitudes

Fig. 10. Tracking error curve at 3.3 Hz and 300 μrad spot drift velocity

Fig. 11. Experimental curves of 3.3 Hz with different amplitudes. (a) PSNR; (b) position error

Fig. 12. Contrast of star spots before and after restoration under 4000 μrad/s. (a) Original star spots; (b) restored star spots