Journal of Inorganic Materials, Volume. 36, Issue 8, 789(2021)
Figures & Tables(24)
![Scintillation mechanism of activator doped inorganic scintillators in terms of energy band structure[14]](/Images/icon/loading.gif){kind=icon}
1. Scintillation mechanism of activator doped inorganic scintillators in terms of energy band structure[14]
2. History (1940-2017) of first publication of scintillators with light output of >20000 ph/MeV, representing scintillators published in peer-reviewed articles [18]
5. SEM images of GOS:Tb phosphors synthesized by the flux method[53]
6. Structure diagrams of precursor La2(OH) 4SO4·n H2O and calcined products in different atmospheres[63]
7. Fluorescence spectra of GOS:Tb powders under different accelerating voltages and electron beam currents[70]
8. Total transmittance curves of GOS ceramics (thickness 1.6 mm) prepared by hot pressing[72]
10. Microstructures of GOS ceramics prepared by pressureless sintering under different conditions[78]
11. Pulse height spectra (a) of GOS:Pr, Ce, F ceramics with different thicknesses prepared by pressureless sintering and commercial GOS ceramics, and afterglow curve (b) of GOS:Pr,Ce,F ceramics by pressureless sintering and commercial ceramics[79]
12. Influence of annealing temperature on the afterglow performance of GOS: Pr ceramics[75]
15. Gemstone scintillator material and detector module for Discovery CT750 HD[114]
16. Photo of GOS:Pr,Ce,F scintillation ceramics prepared in Toshiba[116]
17. Afterglow (a) and X-ray absorption efficiency (b) curves of German Siemens GOS (UFC ) scintillation ceramics[117]
Table 1. Optical and scintillation properties of selected scintillators
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. Optical and scintillation properties of selected scintillators
Scintillator Density/(g·cm-3) Zeff/cm Decay time/ns λem/nm Light yield/(×103, ph/MeV) Ref. NaI:Tl 3.67 50.8 230 415 43 [ 23 ]LaI:Ce 5.6 54.2 1-2 452, 502 0.2-0.3 [ 24 ]SrI2:Eu 4.55 49.85 1200 435 115 [ 25 ]BaBrI:Eu 5.21 51.1 331-714 413 89 [ 26 ]Bi4Ge3O12 7.13 75.2 300 505 8.2 [ 27 ]PbWO4 8.28 75.6 6 420 0.1 [ 28 ]CaWO4 6.1 63.8 600 430 20 [ 22 ]Gd2O2S:Pr,Ce,F 7.34 61.1 4000 510 35 [ 16 ]YAlO3:Ce 5.5 33.6 30 350 21 [ 29 ]Y3Al5O12:Pr 4.56 32.6 23.4 310, 380 9.25 [ 16 ]Gd2SiO5:Ce 6.71 59.4 60-600 430 12.5 [ 16 ]Y2SiO5:Pr 4.45 35 6.5-33 270, 35 4.58 [ 30 ]Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Ce 6.67 50.6 80-800 520 46 [ 31 ](Gd,Y)3(Al,Ga)5O12:Ce 5.8 45 100-600 560 60 [ 32 ]
Table 2. Basic physical and chemical property of Gd2O2S[41,42]
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Basic physical and chemical property of Gd2O2S[41,42]
Property Feature Molecular formula Gd2O2S Relative molecular mass 378 Crystal structure Hexagonal crystal system Cell parameters a=0.38514 nm, c/a=1.73 Melting point 2070 ℃ Density 7.34 g/cm3 Zeff 61.1 Index of refraction 2.2 Band gap 4.6-4.8 eV Phonon energy 520 cm-1 Color Colorless Technical aspects Chemical stability
Table 3. Scintillation property of GOS ceramics doped with different rare earth ions
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Scintillation property of GOS ceramics doped with different rare earth ions
Scintillators λem/nm Decay time/μs Afterglow/(%, after 3 ms/100 ms) Light yield/(ph·MeV-1) Ref. Gd2O2S:Pr,Ce,F 510 4 <0.1/<0.01 35000 [ 29 ,85 ]Gd2O2S:Tb 545 1×103 - 60000 [ 29 ]Gd2O2S:Eu 625 1×103 0.14%@3 ms 60000 [ 73 ,85 -86 ]Gd2O2S:Eu,Tb,Ce,Ca 600 - 0.18%@30 ms 62000 [ 87 ]
Table 4. Property of commonly used neutron imaging scintillation screen nuclides
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Property of commonly used neutron imaging scintillation screen nuclides
Isotope Reaction Cross-section of thermal neutron adsorption/m2 Natural abundance/% Ref. 6Li 3H, 4He 9.1×10-26 7.5 [ 96 -97 ]10B α, γ, 7Li 3.83×10-25 19.9 [ 97 ]113Cd γ, e- 2.1×10-24 12.2 [ 98 ]155Gd γ, e- 6.09×10-24 14.7 [ 96 -97 ]157Gd γ, e- 2.55×10-23 15.7 [ 96 -97 ]
Table 5. Inorganic scintillators used in neutron imaging and their properties
View tableView in ArticleTable 5. Inorganic scintillators used in neutron imaging and their properties
Scintillator Density/ (g·cm-3) λem/nm Light yield α/β ratio τ/ns Ref. Neutron/(×103, ph·neu.-1) γ/(×103, ph·MeV-1) Neutron γ 6Li-glass:Ce 2.5 395 6 4 0.3 70 70 [ 99 ]6LiI:Eu 4.1 470 50 12 0.87 1.4×103 1.4×103 [ 6 ,100 ]6LiF/ZnS:Ag 2.6 450 160 75 0.44 8×104 100 [ 99 ,101 ]LiYSiO4:Ce 3.8 410 10 10 - - 3.8×104 [ 102 ]6Li6Gd(11BO3)3:Ce 3.5 385, 415 40 25 0.32 - 200,800 [ 103 ]Cs26LiYCl6:Ce 3.3 380 70 22 0.66 100,103 100,103 [ 6 ,99 ]
Table 6. Inorganic scintillators for medical imaging and their properties
View tableView in ArticleTable 6. Inorganic scintillators for medical imaging and their properties
Scintillator Density/(g·cm-3) Thickness to stop 99%*/mm λem/nm Light yield/ (ph·MeV-1) Decay time/μs Afterglow/(% after 3 ms/100 ms) Ref. CsI:Tl 4.51 6.8 550 66000 1.22 >2/0.3 [ 16 ]Bi4Ge3O12 7.13 - 480 9000 0.30 0.005%@3 ms [ 29 ]CdWO4 7.9 2.4 495 20000 5.00 <0.1/0.02 [ 16 ,29 ](Y,Gd)2O3:Eu,Pr 5.9 6.1 610 42000 1000 4.9/<0.01 [ 114 ]Gd2O2S:Pr,Ce,F 7.3 2.9 510 35000 4 <0.1/<0.01 [ 29 ,85 ,115 ]Gd3(Ga,Al)2O12:Ce 6.2 - 540 58000 0.09-0.17 <0.01%@20 ms [ 40 ]
Table 7. Performance of GOS:Pr,Ce(F) scintillation ceramics prepared in the major companies abroad and at home
View tableView in ArticleTable 7. Performance of GOS:Pr,Ce(F) scintillation ceramics prepared in the major companies abroad and at home
Manufacturer λem/nm Light yield/(ph·MeV-1) Decay time/μs Afterglow Ref. Siemens (Germany) 512 50000 3 0.01%@2.5-4 ms [ 29 ,117 ]Philips (Netherlands) 514 40000 3 0.02%@3 ms [ 118 ]Toshiba (Japan) 512 36000 3 0.08%@10 ms [ 116 ]Hitachi (Japan) 512 42000 3 0.001%@300 ms [ 119 ]Iray (China) 510 27000 3 0.1%@3 ms [ 120 ]
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Jiang LI, Jiyang DING, Xinyou HUANG.
Paper Information
Category: REVIEW
Received: Sep. 17, 2020
Accepted: --
Published Online: Dec. 8, 2021
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