At present, 2 μm thulium-doped pulsed fiber laser can achieve the highest energy output in the order of millijoule scale, which is of great significance for medical, materials, communications and other fields. In this paper, the main advances in the research of high energy thulium-doped fiber laser system in recent years are introduced, and the technical types and influencing factors of high energy thulium-doped fiber laser are discussed as well. On this basis, the research prospect of large energy thulium-doped fiber laser is prospected.