Fig. 1. Arrangement of liquid crystal molecules under the conditions (a) without applied voltage and (b) with applied voltage

Fig. 2. The liquid crystal passive driving electrode prepared in this paper. (a) Structure of driving electrode; (b) packaging structure of liquid crystal cell; (c) wiring between electrodes

Fig. 3. Design drawing of the driving connection board

Fig. 4. (a), (b) Different location pictures of gold-plated driving electrodes captured by the microscope; (c) packaged liquid crystal cell

Fig. 5. Fabricated liquid crystal wavefront corrector

Fig. 6. Optical layout for testing the response characteristic of liquid crystal wavefront corrector

Fig. 7. (a) Response results with single pixel driving; (b) corresponding relationship between the driving channel and pixel position

Fig. 8. (a) Intensity curve measured by oscilloscope; (b) phase as a function of response time

Fig. 9. (a) Phase as a function of gray level; (b) phase modulation error

Fig. 10. Optical setup for aberration correction

Fig. 11. Initial wave measurement results by Zygo interferometer and the resulting plane wave. (a) Interference fringe, (b) initial wave surface and (c) relative measured wavefront

Fig. 12. Positive and negative defocused aberration spherical wave. (a) Interference fringe, (b) stereoscopic wavefront and (c) two-dimensional wavefront under positive defocus; (d) interference fringe, (e) stereoscopic wavefront and (f) two-dimensional wavefront under negative defocus

Fig. 13. Correction results of horizontal tilt aberration. (a) Interference fringe and (b) wavefront before correction; (c) interference fringe and (d) wavefront after correction

Fig. 14. Zernike coefficients without and with correction