Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the metalens phase modula‍⁃tion principle

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the ideal metalens focusing principle

Fig. 3. Diagram of liquid crystal lens structure

Fig. 4. 3D schematic of ITO driving electrodes

Fig. 5. Cross-sectional view of liquid crystal molecule alignment under applied voltage

Fig. 6. Refractive index profiles of liquid crystal lenses under varying voltages

Fig. 7. Schematic of voltage-dependent refractive index distribution fitting quality trend

Fig. 8. Refractive index distribution curves under varying slope angles of driving electrodes

Fig. 9. Schematic of tilt-angle-dependent refractive index distribution fitting quality trend

Fig. 10. Refractive index distribution curve for a liquid crystal lens with a 20° tilt angle on the ITO-driven electrode

Fig. 11. Schematic of axial cross-section of ultrathin ITO electrode

Fig. 12. Effect of ground electrode interconnect on refractive index distribution

Fig. 13. Structural diagram of liquid crystal microscope objective

Fig. 14. Spot diagram in the application of fiber optic micro‍⁃scope objectives

Fig. 15. Spot diagram in the application of laser scanning microscope objectives

Fig. 16. Spot diagram in vacuum optical microscopy applications

Fig. 17. MTF curves of different detector models at low， medium， and high frequencies. （a） 5.5 μm； （b） 4.2 μm；（c） 1.34 μm.

Fig. 18. Imaging result

Fig. 19. Comparison of image details. （a） Local details of imaging results； （b） Local details of the truth image.