Fig. 1. Pulse string of the S-mode signal

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of TOA measured by rising edge decision algorithm

Fig. 3. Simulation results of the matched filtering algorithm

Fig. 4. Simulation results of the differential matched filtering algorithm

Fig. 5. Processing result of the differential matched filter to the multi-pulse. (a) M=2; (b) M=4

Fig. 6. TOA theoretical accuracy of different algorithms

Fig. 7. Fitting results of the RE algorithm

Fig. 8. Variation curve of the fitting effect of different order polynomial of DAE algorithm with SNR

Fig. 9. Influence of fitting order and data volume of DAE algorithm on fitting results. (a) Polynomial order; (b) data volume

Fig. 10. Fifth-order polynomial fitting result of the DAE algorithm

Fig. 11. Influence of SNR, FS and B on different algorithms. (a) FS=100 MHz, B=20 MHz; (b) SNR is 15 dB, B=20 MHz; (c) FS=100 MHz, SNR is 15 dB

Fig. 12. TOA error distribution for different algorithms. (a) ME algorithm; (b) DE algorithm

Fig. 13. TOA estimation error distribution of DAE and ME algorithms. (a) SNR is 10 dB; (b) SNR is 15 dB

Fig. 14. Actual data acquired by the MLAT receiver. (a) Full data; (b) intercepted complete S-mode signal

Fig. 15. Actual arrangement of MLAT stations at international airports

Fig. 16. Root mean square error of TOA estimates for different algorithms

Fig. 17. Influence of different algorithms on the HDOP distribution of the MLAT system. (a) RE; (b) RAE; (c) ME; (d) DE; (e) DAE

Fig. 18. Influence of different algorithms on the VDOP distribution of the MLAT system. (a) RE; (b) RAE; (c) ME; (d) DE; (e) DAE