Fig. 1. Overall architecture of AI datacenter interconnection^[11]

Fig. 2. Ultra high speed transmission systems with baud rate of 120 Gbaud and above (red dot: test; green dot: commercialization)^[17]

Fig. 3. Diagram of SDM based transmission link and main components^[23]

Fig. 4. Experiment and test results of transmission based on field-installed multi-core fiber^[26]. (a) Experimental setup for field-installed 12-CCF cable testbed; (b) architecture of hybrid MC-EDFA; (c) gain-flattened input/output spectra after transmission at 0 km, 1659 km, and 3317 km

Fig. 5. Experimental setup for longhaul 4CF transmission with FIFO-less MC EDFAs and SXC^[27]

Fig. 6. Setup and field test results of distributed fiber sensing based on forward transmission^[40]. (a) Field fiber layout in Dallas,Texas; (b) experimental setup based on DSP; (c) DAS waterfall data of field fiber; (d) raw Rx phases after demodulation

Fig. 7. Diagram of DFOS system based on back-scattering^[47]

Fig. 8. Attenuation coefficient reduction of HCF year by year

Fig. 9. Diagram of long distance lossless transmission

Fig. 10. Architecture of intra-AI datacenters

Fig. 11. Retimed and linear drive optical modules

Fig. 12. Pluggable optical module and CPO

Fig. 13. Forecast of CPO deployment^[75]

Fig. 14. Diagram of optical I/O architecture

Fig. 15. Application example of interconnection based on optical I/O^[77]. (a) Block diagram of UCIe optical I/O retimer system for scale-up scene; (b) 8T UCIe optical I/O retimer die photo

Fig. 16. Example of optoelectronic hybrid switching based on AWGR^[80]

Fig. 17. Example of AIDC interconnect application scenarios