Fig. 1. Experimental design for exploring critical incline angle^[18]

Fig. 2. Schematic of the proposed method in 2D case

Fig. 3. Schematic of the proposed method in 3D case

Fig. 4. Design domain and boundary conditions of MBB beams. (a) Two-dimensional MBB beam; (b) three-dimensional MBB beam

Fig. 5. Topology design of two- and three-dimensional MBB beams

Fig. 6. Variation of flexibility with retained volume fraction. (a) Two-dimensional MBB beam; (b) three-dimensional MBB beam

Fig. 7. Design domain and boundary conditions of the two-dimensional validation examples. (a) L-shaped beam; (b) cantilever beam; (c) compression structure

Fig. 8. Topological design and iteration curves of two-designed validation examples

Fig. 9. LPBF formation results of the three-dimensional topological MBB beams. (a) Topological design with variable-value incline angle constraint; (b) topological design with equal-value incline angle constraint