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Advanced Photonics Nexus, Volume. 4, Issue 1, 016006(2025)

Angle-robust plasmonic color printing of deep subwavelength nanopixelated sodium metasurfaces

Jie Liang1、†, Yurui Qu2, Huizhen Zhang1, Yuhan Yang1, Yang Wang3, Yuchen Zhang1, Zhenda Lu1, Shining Zhu1, and Lin Zhou1、*
Author Affiliations
  • 1Nanjing University, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, Nanjing, China
  • 2ShanghaiTech University, School of Information Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
  • 3Beijing Institute of Technology, School of Physics, Key Lab of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (Ministry of Education), Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics & Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, Beijing, China
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    Angular-robust plasmonic color devices based on sodium nanorod. (a) Schematic of Na plasmonic color devices with simple nanorod structures, featuring lateral period and angular-robust optical characterization. (b) Simulation reflectance spectra of three different structure configurations (nanohole, film, and nanorod) for Na (p=320 nm, d=200 nm, and h=50 nm) and Ag (p=365 nm, d=200 nm, and h=50 nm) showing different SPP mode strengths in the same resonance location. (c) Simulated single-particle plasmon mode (LSPR) location comparison of Na and Ag nanorods with a diameter (d) varying from 20 to 200 nm and a height (h) of 30 nm. (d) Comparison of Na and Ag nanorod-based plasmonic color devices.

    Fig. 1. Angular-robust plasmonic color devices based on sodium nanorod. (a) Schematic of Na plasmonic color devices with simple nanorod structures, featuring lateral period and angular-robust optical characterization. (b) Simulation reflectance spectra of three different structure configurations (nanohole, film, and nanorod) for Na (p=320  nm, d=200  nm, and h=50  nm) and Ag (p=365  nm, d=200  nm, and h=50  nm) showing different SPP mode strengths in the same resonance location. (c) Simulated single-particle plasmon mode (LSPR) location comparison of Na and Ag nanorods with a diameter (d) varying from 20 to 200 nm and a height (h) of 30 nm. (d) Comparison of Na and Ag nanorod-based plasmonic color devices.

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    Fabrication process and characterization of Na nanorods with varying structures. (a) Schematic of the thermo-assisted spin-coating method of fabrication of Na nanorods and the cross-sectional SEM images of Na nanorods (iii). The scale bar is 300 nm. (b) Experimental reflectance spectra of nanorod arrays with the same nanorod size and height (diameter d=180 nm and height h=20 nm) but different periods (p varies from 250 to 350 nm) under unpolarized incident light at 0 deg. (c) Experimental reflectance spectra of nanorod arrays with the same period and height (p=250 nm and h=20 nm) but different nanorod sizes (d varies from 160 to 230 nm) under unpolarized incident light at 0 deg. The insets are the corresponding optical images of nanorod arrays. (d) Experimental angular spectra of periodic Na nanorods of p=210 nm, d=160 nm, and h=30 nm for TE polarization, TM polarization, and no polarization, and the inset is the SEM image of the corresponding device substrate. (e) Experimental angular spectra of random nanorods of d=160 nm and h=30 nm for TE polarization, TM polarization, and no polarization, and the inset is the SEM image of the corresponding device substrate. The scale bar is 1 μm.

    Fig. 2. Fabrication process and characterization of Na nanorods with varying structures. (a) Schematic of the thermo-assisted spin-coating method of fabrication of Na nanorods and the cross-sectional SEM images of Na nanorods (iii). The scale bar is 300 nm. (b) Experimental reflectance spectra of nanorod arrays with the same nanorod size and height (diameter d=180  nm and height h=20  nm) but different periods (p varies from 250 to 350 nm) under unpolarized incident light at 0 deg. (c) Experimental reflectance spectra of nanorod arrays with the same period and height (p=250  nm and h=20  nm) but different nanorod sizes (d varies from 160 to 230 nm) under unpolarized incident light at 0 deg. The insets are the corresponding optical images of nanorod arrays. (d) Experimental angular spectra of periodic Na nanorods of p=210  nm, d=160  nm, and h=30  nm for TE polarization, TM polarization, and no polarization, and the inset is the SEM image of the corresponding device substrate. (e) Experimental angular spectra of random nanorods of d=160  nm and h=30  nm for TE polarization, TM polarization, and no polarization, and the inset is the SEM image of the corresponding device substrate. The scale bar is 1  μm.

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    Angular-insensitive optical characterization comparison of Na nanorod array and Ag nanorod array plasmonic color devices. SEM images of the quartz substrates with nanoholes of (a) p=240 nm, d=120 nm, and h=40 nm; (b) p=260 nm, d=150 nm, and h=40 nm; and (c) p=370 nm, d=260 nm, and h=70 nm. The scale bar is 500 nm. (d)–(f) Experimental angular spectra of Na nanorods with nanostructures in panels (a)–(c) for unpolarized illumination, and the insets are microscope images of the corresponding Na nanorod patterns. (g)–(i) Experimental angular spectra of Ag nanorods with nanostructures in panels (a)–(c) for unpolarized illumination, and the insets are microscope images of the corresponding Ag nanorod patterns.

    Fig. 3. Angular-insensitive optical characterization comparison of Na nanorod array and Ag nanorod array plasmonic color devices. SEM images of the quartz substrates with nanoholes of (a) p=240  nm, d=120  nm, and h=40  nm; (b) p=260  nm, d=150  nm, and h=40  nm; and (c) p=370  nm, d=260  nm, and h=70  nm. The scale bar is 500 nm. (d)–(f) Experimental angular spectra of Na nanorods with nanostructures in panels (a)–(c) for unpolarized illumination, and the insets are microscope images of the corresponding Na nanorod patterns. (g)–(i) Experimental angular spectra of Ag nanorods with nanostructures in panels (a)–(c) for unpolarized illumination, and the insets are microscope images of the corresponding Ag nanorod patterns.

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    Resolution test patterns and full-color image printing. (a) Bright-field optical micrographs of fabricated plasmonic color generation arrays with (i) p=260 nm, d=150 nm, and h=40 nm; (ii) p=280 nm, d=200 nm, and h=60 nm; and (iii) p=210 nm, d=120 nm, and h=30 nm. (b) Bright-field optical micrograph of a single Na nanorod with d varying from 20 to 500 nm and h=50 nm. (c) Comparison of different optical display research works in angle insensitivity, spatial resolution, manufacturability, polarization insensitivity, and contrast. (d) SEM images of the quartz substrates of colorful paintings of a cartoon whale, colorful strips, a school badge, and the words “NANJING UNIVERSITY.” (e) Bright-field optical micrographs of a colorful cartoon whale, colorful strips, a school badge, the words “NANJING UNIVERSITY” taken at Kohler illumination, and micrographs of the words “NANJING UNIVERSITY” taken at fixed angle illumination of 0, 20, 40, and 60 deg. The scale bars are 5 μm in panels (a) and (b) and 10 μm in panels (d) and (e), respectively.

    Fig. 4. Resolution test patterns and full-color image printing. (a) Bright-field optical micrographs of fabricated plasmonic color generation arrays with (i) p=260  nm, d=150  nm, and h=40  nm; (ii) p=280  nm, d=200  nm, and h=60  nm; and (iii) p=210  nm, d=120  nm, and h=30  nm. (b) Bright-field optical micrograph of a single Na nanorod with d varying from 20 to 500 nm and h=50  nm. (c) Comparison of different optical display research works in angle insensitivity, spatial resolution, manufacturability, polarization insensitivity, and contrast. (d) SEM images of the quartz substrates of colorful paintings of a cartoon whale, colorful strips, a school badge, and the words “NANJING UNIVERSITY.” (e) Bright-field optical micrographs of a colorful cartoon whale, colorful strips, a school badge, the words “NANJING UNIVERSITY” taken at Kohler illumination, and micrographs of the words “NANJING UNIVERSITY” taken at fixed angle illumination of 0, 20, 40, and 60 deg. The scale bars are 5  μm in panels (a) and (b) and 10  μm in panels (d) and (e), respectively.

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    Jie Liang, Yurui Qu, Huizhen Zhang, Yuhan Yang, Yang Wang, Yuchen Zhang, Zhenda Lu, Shining Zhu, Lin Zhou, "Angle-robust plasmonic color printing of deep subwavelength nanopixelated sodium metasurfaces," Adv. Photon. Nexus 4, 016006 (2025)

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    Paper Information

    Category: Research Articles

    Received: Sep. 24, 2024

    Accepted: Dec. 3, 2024

    Published Online: Jan. 7, 2025

    The Author Email: Lin Zhou (linzhou@nju.edu.cn)

    DOI:10.1117/1.APN.4.1.016006

    CSTR:32397.14.1.APN.4.1.016006

    Topics

    laser devices and laser physics
    Lasers and Laser Optics
    Laser physics
    laser manufacturing
    Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology