High‑Power Fiber Laser Technology

Jun Zhou; Bing He; Yunfeng Qi; Yifeng Yang; Hui Shen; Junqing Men

doi:10.3788/CJL240587

Chinese Journal of Lasers, Volume. 51, Issue 11, 1101021(2024)

High‑Power Fiber Laser Technology

Jun Zhou^1,2,3, Bing He^1,2,3、*, Yunfeng Qi^1,2,3, Yifeng Yang^1,2,3, Hui Shen^1,2,3, and Junqing Men^1,2,3

¹Aerospace Laser Technology and System Department, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China

²Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

³Shanghai Key Laboratory of All Solid-State Laser and Applied Techniques, Shanghai 201800, China

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Figures & Tables(36)

Fig. 1. High-power three-single-frequency laser achieved using sinusoidal modulation and optical fiber stress gradients^[51]

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Fig. 2. High-power narrow linewidth fiber lasers based on spectral modulation^[53]

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Fig. 3. The test results of the 4.23 kW fiber laser^[63]. (a) The curve of output laser power and backward light power versus pump power; (b) the spectral linewidth and signal-to-noise ratio of the output laser

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Fig. 4. The spectrum after cascading PRBS and sinusoidal phase modulation, along with the forward output spectra at different power levels^[68]

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Fig. 5. The SBS enhancement factor varing with the spectral line spacing and the bandwidth of the filter^[57]

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Fig. 6. The situation of SBS threshold after PRBS modulation without filtering^[76]

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Fig. 7. The situation of SBS threshold after PRBS modulation and filtering^[76]

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Fig. 8. Using a semi-analytical model to calculate the SBS threshold after filtering PRBS modulation^[77]

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Fig. 9. Measurement of SBS threshold after filtered PRBS modulation^[77]

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Fig. 10. The time constant of the SBS establishment process^[78]

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Fig. 11. PRBS dwell time and SBS transient response^[78]

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Fig. 12. The functional form of the normalized effective Brillouin gain spectrum and spectral characterization of segmented parabolic phase-modulated optical fields^[79]

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Fig. 13. Comparison between simulation results (curves) and experimental data (dots) of SBS thresholds for segmented parabolic phase modulation at different β values^[79]

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Fig. 14. Active mode control of high-power fiber lasers^[90]

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Fig. 15. The schematic diagram of the passive coherent combining principle in the optical feedback ring cavity

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Fig. 16. 4-channel fiber laser self-imaging cavity coherent synthesis^[105]

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Fig. 17. Phase locking and phase coherence^[106]

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Fig. 18. Interference patterns under different phase states using a ring cavity coherent synthesis^[107]

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Fig. 19. High-power annular cavity coherent synthesis pattern and the output power of 1062 W^[107]

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Fig. 20. Schematic diagram of Dammann grating aperture filling principle^[113]

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Fig. 21. Fiber laser coherent synthesis device and synthesized spot pattern based on DOE^[113]

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$Spectral beam combining by diffraction grating$

Fig. 22. Spectral beam combining by diffraction grating

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Fig. 23. Spectral synthesis of SBC using single MLD grating MOPA structure

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Fig. 24. Schematic diagram of Aculight’s 30 kW fiber laser spectral synthesis^[129]

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Fig. 25. Aculight’s 30 kW fiber laser spectral synthesis spot and spectrogram^[129]

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Fig. 26. Schematic diagram of 4-way 8.2 kW spectral synthesis at Jena University in Germany^[132]

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Fig. 27. Dual grating spectral beam combining structure

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Fig. 28. Experimental setup of 9.6 kW SBC^[136]

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Fig. 29. (a) Backscattering power versus output power; (b) emission spectrum and beam quality of 2.5 kW output beam; (c) 2 kW power level beam quality test^[48]

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Fig. 30. Spectral synthesis system with a total power of 11.27 kW

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Fig. 31. Spectrum of the combined beam

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Fig. 32. Combining power trend during the beam combining process

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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of high-power narrow linewidth fiber amplification using different types of seed sources

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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of high-power narrow linewidth fiber amplification using different types of seed sources

Seed type	Advantage	Disadvantage
Narrow linewidth oscillator	Simple structure， strong anti-backscattering capability； high SBS threshold	Easily prone to SRS and spectral broadening， with low spectral energy concentration
Narrowband ASE source	Relative oscillator， low forward power noise； high SBS threshold； wavelength and linewidth tunable	Complex structure； prone to SRS and spectral broadening， with low spectral energy concentration； relatively narrow linewidth oscillators have higher SRS and spectral broadening suppression capabilities
Narrowband random laser	Relative oscillator， low forward power noise； high SBS threshold； the spectral broadening rate is slower than that of the oscillator	Complex structure； prone to SRS and spectral broadening， with low spectral energy concentration； relatively narrow linewidth oscillators exhibit higher SRS and spectral broadening suppression capabilities
Spectral tuning single-frequency laser	Low forward power noise； low frequency noise， good coherence； high spectral energy concentration； tunable wavelength and linewidth； high SRS threshold， no spectral broadening	Complex structure； poor anti-return ability； low SBS threshold， strong dependence on spectral modulation signals

Table 2. Research progress on high-power fiber amplification using spectrally controlled single-frequency seed sources

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Table 2. Research progress on high-power fiber amplification using spectrally controlled single-frequency seed sources

Year	Institution	Modulation method	Polarization extinction ratio /dB	Power / kW	Linewidth	M²	Reference
2014	Air Force Research Laboratory	PRBS	Non	1.17	3 GHz@3 dB	1.2	［47］
2015	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	WNS	Non	2.52	50 GHz@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.191， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.186	［48］
2016	National University of Defense Technology	Three-stage cascaded sinusoidal phase modulation	15.5	1.89	45 GHz@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.19， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.27	［49］
2016	National University of Defense Technology	WNS	18.3	2.43	67.6 GHz@3 dB		［50］
2017	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	Sinusoidal phase modulation	18	0.302	Triple-frequency	1.04	［51］
2018	China Academy of Engineering Physics	Two-stage cascaded WNS	Non	3.5	46.3 GHz@3 dB	~1.9	［52］
2019	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	WNS and sinusoidal phase modulation	Non	3.01	48 GHz@3 dB	1.17	［53］
2019	University of Science and Technology of China	Two-stage cascaded WNS	Non	3.7	80.1 GHz@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.358， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.202	［54］
2019	China Academy of Engineering Physics	WNS	13	1.5	13 GHz@3 dB	1.14	［55］
2019	National University of Defense Technology	WNS	PM	0.827	1.8 GHz@3 dB	<1.5	［56］
2020	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	PRBS	Non	1.27	2.2 GHz	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.14， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.20	［57］
2020	China Academy of Engineering Physics	Two-stage cascaded WNS	14	2.62	32 GHz@3 dB	<1.3	［58］
2020	China Academy of Engineering Physics	WNS	Non	3	0.18 nm@3 dB	<1.2	［59］
2021	National University of Defense Technology	WNS	Non	4.92	0.59 nm@3 dB	M²=1.22	［60］
2021	China Academy of Engineering Physics	AWG	15	3.25	20 GHz@3 dB	1.22	［61］
2021	China Academy of Engineering Physics	Two-stage cascaded WNS	Non	5.07	0.37 nm@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.252， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.322	［62］
2022	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	Cascaded phase modulation	Non	4.23	68 GHz@3 dB，43.5 GHz@RMS linewidth	1.15	［63］
2022	National University of Defense Technology	WNS	13.9	3.96	0.62 nm@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.31，M $_{y}^{2}$ =1.41	［64］
2022	National University of Defense Technology	WNS	Non	6.12	0.86 nm@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.43，M $_{y}^{2}$ =1.36	［65］
2022	China Academy of Engineering Physics		17.7	4.45	0.08 nm@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.28， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.25	［66］
2022	South China University of Technology	WNS	Non	2.02	4.7 GHz@3 dB	1.2	［67］
2023	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	cascaded PRBS and sinusoidal phase modulation	Non	4.93	46 GHz @RMS linewidth	<1.2	［68］
2023	National University of Defense Technology	WNS	11.8	5.023	0.38 nm@3 dB		［69］
2023	China Academy of Engineering Physics	AWG	14.91	3	<10 GHz @3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.134， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.178	［70］
2023	China Academy of Engineering Physics		>18.3	4	9.8 GHz@RMS linewidth	1.18	［71］
2023	China Academy of Engineering Physics		16.5	5.04	0.267 nm @3dB， 0.2 nm@RMS linewidth	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.27， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.29	［72］
2023	Agency for Defense Development， Republic of Korea	Quasi-flat-top PRBS modulation	15	2.01	8 GHz@3 dB	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.32， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.26	［73］
2023	Shanghai Jiao Tong University	Binary multi-tone signal modulation	Non	2.234	10 GHz@3 dB		［74］
2023	China Academy of Engineering Physics		20	5	9.93 GHz @RMS linewidth	$M_{x}^{2}$ =1.28， $M_{y}^{2}$ =1.25	［75］

Table 3. Research progress in active mode control technology

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Table 3. Research progress in active mode control technology

Year	Institution	Method	Device	Probe	Power /W	Reference
2017	National University of Defense Technology	SPGD	Polarization controller	PD	LP01：486， LP11：521	［89］
2020	National University of Defense Technology		Acoustic-induced fiber grating		LP01：5.85， LP11：6.06	［94］
2021	Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics	SPGD	Polarization controller	PD	LP01：1389， LP11：1396	［90］
2022	National University of Defense Technology		Acoustic-induced fiber optic grating		LP01：105.7， LP11：101.3	［93］

Table 4. The output power of the fiber laser array
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Table 4. The output power of the fiber laser array
Serial number Wavelength /nm Output power /kW Total power /kW
1 1058.5 1.58
2 1064.2 2.23
3 1068.0 1.64
4 1070.9 1.62
5 1075.9 1.66
6 1081.0 1.61
7 1082.5 1.81 12.15

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Jun Zhou, Bing He, Yunfeng Qi, Yifeng Yang, Hui Shen, Junqing Men. High‑Power Fiber Laser Technology[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2024, 51(11): 1101021

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