Fig. 1. (a) Emission spectra of InP quantum dots synthesized by the In-TOP and conventional methods^[15]; (b) Schematic diagram of synthesizing InP quantum dots of different sizes using indium halides (InI, InBr, InCl)^[17]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the two-step nucleation mechanism of In³⁺ and P³⁻ precursors, where MSC is a separable intermediate^[19]

Fig. 3. (a) Schematic diagram of defect emission in InP quantum dots^[21]; (b) Semiconductor materials with different lattice constants ^[21]; (c) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of multi-shell green-emitting InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots ^[24]; (d) Schematic diagram of the preparation of InP cores and InP/ZnSe/ZnS quantum dots with different morphologies and shell thicknesses ^[2]; (e) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of green-emitting In(Zn)P/ZnSe/ZnSeS/ZnS quantum dots using a two-step heating method to prepare In(Zn)P cores ^[26]

Fig. 4. (a) Schematic diagram of the structure of a forward InP-based QLED ^[42]; (b) Schematic diagram of the structure of an inverted InP-based QLED ^[42]; (c) Common energy levels of carrier materials ^[50]

Fig. 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the energy levels of the device structure^[25]; (b) CE-EQE-L characteristic curve of the device^[56]; (c) QLED structure and cross-sectional TEM image^[2]; (d) EQE-luminance curve of the QLED device^[2]

Fig. 6. (a) Current density–luminance–voltage (J–L–V) characteristics; (b) EQE and current efficiency versus luminance characteristics; (c) Histogram of the maximum EQE; (d) Comparison of EQE with previously reported devices; (e) Operational lifetime of the device as a function of voltage and time; (f) T95 lifetime compared to other devices^[63]

Fig. 7. (a) Comparison of PL and EL spectra of QD; (b) Luminance-current density characteristics of QLED; (c) Evolution of current efficiency and EQE as functions of voltage and current density, respectively; (d) Structural schematic of InP QDs with halogen ion passivationx; (e) Energy band diagram of quantum dot light-emitting diodes; (f) Comparative analysis of PL and EL spectral profiles in QD systems^[66,68]