Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of SHWFS

Fig. 2. Flow diagram of centroid estimation algorithm based on Sobel operator

Fig. 3. Sub-spot array image segmentation process

Fig. 4. Division and labeling of the connected domain of the spot region

Fig. 5. Comparison of spot centroid position before and after overall shift. (a) Before shift; (b) after shift

Fig. 6. Flow diagram of spot matching based on floating sub-aperture

Fig. 7. Spot array images with aberration with large tilt and amplitude. (a) Input wavefront; (b) raw spot array image; (c) spot array image with global offset removed; (d) matching relationship between spot and sub-aperture obtained with spot matching algorithm based on floating sub-aperture

Fig. 8. Reconstructed wavefront. (a) Input wavefront; (b) reconstructed wavefront with the proposed algorithm; (c) reconstructed wavefront with the TCoG algorithm; (d) residual wavefront corresponding to the proposed algorithm; (e) residual wavefront corresponding to the TCoG algorithm; (f) Zernike coefficients of reconstructed wavefront obtained by the proposed algorithm versus that of input wavefront; (g) Zernike coefficients of reconstructed wavefront obtained by the TCoG algorithm versus that of input wavefront

Fig. 9. Quantitative comparison of dynamic range between the proposed and traditional algorithms under different Zernike aberrations

Fig. 10. Experimental verification. (a) Schematic diagram of experimental setup; (b) experimental setup

Fig. 11. Wavefront restoration under wavefront distortion in traditional dynamic range. (a) Experimentally captured spot array diagram under wavefront distortion in traditional dynamic range; (b) spot centroid extraction and matching for the proposed algorithm; (c) restored wavefront using the proposed algorithm; (d) restored wavefront using TCoG algorithm

Fig. 12. Wavefront restoration under wavefront distortion beyond the traditional dynamic range. (a) Experimentally measured spot arrays under wavefront distortion beyond the traditional dynamic range; (b) spot centroid extraction and matching for the proposed algorithm; (c) restored wavefront using the proposed algorithm; (d) restored wavefront using TCoG algorithm