Fig. 1. Finite element model of titanium and mesh generation

Fig. 2. Temperature distribution on the surface during processing

Fig. 3. Temperatures of surface nodes perpendicular to the scanning path

Fig. 4. Temperature distribution along thickness

Fig. 5. Temperature distribution along vertical direction at the center of laser spot

Fig. 6. Surface morphology of titanium alloy after laser scanning

Fig. 7. Metallographic structure of titanium alloy in section direction after laser scanning

Fig. 8. Metallographic structure of partially transformed zone

Fig. 9. Surface temperature varies with time under different scanning rates

Fig. 10. Surface temperature and temperature distribution along thickness under different scanning rates. (a) Surface temperature distribution; (b) temperature distribution along thickness

Fig. 11. Surface morphology of titanium alloy and microstructure and composition of oxide layer under No.2 parameter. (a) Surface morphology of titanium alloy after laser scanning; (b) oxide layer on the surface; (c) energy spectrum results of the oxide layer

Fig. 12. Variation of surface node temperature with time at the spot under different parameters

Fig. 13. Temperature distribution along the thickness direction under different parameters

Fig. 14. Variation of surface node temperature at different scanning time intervals