Fig. 1. Schematics of self-absorption reduction^[45]. (a) Self-absorption in LIBS plasma; (b) laser-stimulated absorption in LIBS plasma

Fig. 2. Images of plasma plumes under different delay time and air pressures^[47]

Fig. 3. LIBS-Raman setup^[54]

Fig. 4. Schematic of stand-off LIBS^[63]. (a) Telescope; (b) multi-collector system

Fig. 5. Application of LIBS in steel production chain^[69]

Fig. 6. Analysis of mural paintings of Pompeii by portable LIBS^[81]

Fig. 7. Evolution trend of detection limits under different numbers of sample preparations^[92]

Fig. 8. Analysis of heavy metals in solution by NELIBS^[93]

Fig. 9. Spectra of titanium alloy samples in different gas ambient environments^[102]

Fig. 10. Images of Cr and Si plasmas under different confinement conditions^[112]

Fig. 11. Various configurations of DP-LIBS(P-1 and P-2 indicating plasmas produced by pulse 1 and pulse 2，respectively)^[115]. (a) Collinear; (b) dual pulse crossed beam; (c) orthogonal preheating; (d) orthogonal reheating

Fig. 12. LIBS and MA-LIBS in potassium feldspar pellets^[130]. (a) Na; (b) K; (c) Si and Al; (d) Ca

Fig. 13. Experimental setup of SD-LIBS^[133-136]

Fig. 14. Detection schematic of rocks on surface of Mars by Curiosity rover^[182]

Fig. 15. Element maps of drilled core measured with LIBS core scanner^[199]

Fig. 16. Available Cd in soil detected by LIBS combined with solid-liquid-solid conversion method^[217]

Fig. 17. Methods for handling olive oil samples in LIBS experiments^[246]. (a) Spray method; (b) laminar flow method；(c) method of resting oil samples

Fig. 18. On-line analysis of liquid slag by LIBS^[251]. (a) Slag transporter with ladle during analysis underneath measuring cabin; (b) view inside measuring cabin with optical module and measuring probe mounted at motorized x- and z-axes; (c) schematic of installing LIBS analyzer

Fig. 19. Scanning and analysis of biological tissues using LIBS^[257]