Fig. 1. Double-path propagation of LG beam through rough surface in ocean turbulence

Fig. 2. Intensity distribution of LG beam (l=2). (a) p=0; (b) p≠0

Fig. 3. Height distribution function of Gaussian rough surface (σ_h=λ, ρ_h=20 mm)

Fig. 4. DOC of the echo field at different topological charges

Fig. 5. DOC of the echo field at different waist radii

Fig. 6. DOC of the echo field at different wavelengths

Fig. 7. DOC of the echo field at different transmission distances

Fig. 8. DOC of the echo field at different dissipation rates of mean-squared temperature

Fig. 9. DOC of the echo field at different turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates

Fig. 10. DOC of the echo field at different coherence lengths of rough surface (ρ₀=0.01 m)