Fig. 1. Comparison of visible light (VIS), ultraviolet light (UV), X-ray, γ-ray, neutron, and α-particle. (a) The wavelength and energy range of electromagnetic waves; (b) penetrating power

Fig. 2. Schematic of the detection mechanism of MHPs-based high-energy radiation detectors

Fig. 3. Indirect detection. (a) Structure of CsPbBr₃ scintillator-based X-ray detector, photo of CsPbBr₃ scintillator on commercial Si-PD array, photo of ballpoint pen and its X-ray imaging^[32]; (b) photos of ant and mosquito and their X-ray imaging, standard resolution test target imaged under Cs₃Cu₂I₅ X-ray scintillator^[37]; (c) PL mapping of (C₂₅H₂₂BrP)₂MnBr₄-AAO array, photos of memory card and chip and their X-ray imaging^[40]

Fig. 4. Three different X-ray imaging acquisition processes: single-pixel scanning, line-array scanning, area-array scanning

Fig. 5. Direct detection. (a) Schematic of the sensitivity, detection limit, X-ray imaging, and photo of the D_0.99MAPbI3 X-ray detector array^[46]; (b) relationship between X-ray dose rate and signal-to-noise ratio of the Cs₃Bi₂I₉ X-ray detector at different biases^[50]; (c) optical and X-ray images of a metal key under the Cs₃Cu₂I₅∶Li X-ray detector^[55]; (d) X-ray imaging of the letter U by the CsCu₂I₃ X-ray detector^[18]