Fig. 1. Calculated patterns of HLG modes ψn1,n2(α,β)(x˜,y˜) with n1=3 and n2=8 for various values of α and β on the Poincaré sphere.

Fig. 2. Calculated patterns for the standing waves given by Re[ψn1,n2(α,β)(x˜,y˜)] (golden color) as well as Im[ψn1,n2(α,β)(x˜,y˜)] (green color), corresponding to the results in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3. Calculated results for ψN1,N2(HG)(x˜,y˜) and ΦN1,N2(x˜,y˜,ϕn) by using Eqs. (30) and (34) with (N1,N2)=(3,4).

Fig. 4. Calculated results for ψN1,N2(HG)(x˜,y˜) and ΦN1,N2(x˜,y˜,ϕn) by using Eqs. (30) and (34) with (N1,N2)=(7,8).

Fig. 5. Calculated results for ψN1,N2(HG)(x˜,y˜) and ΦN1,N2(x˜,y˜,ϕn) by using Eqs. (30) and (34) with (N1,N2)=(3,12).

Fig. 6. Calculated results for ψN1,N2(LG)(x˜,y˜) and ΦN1,N2(α,β)(x˜,y˜,ϕn) by using Eqs. (43) and (45) with (α,β)=(π/2,π/2) and (N1,N2)=(3,12).

Fig. 7. Calculated results for the standing waves of Re[ψN1,N2(LG)(x˜,y˜)] and Re[ΦN1,N2(α,β)(x˜,y˜,ϕn)] corresponding to the traveling wave shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 8. Calculated results for ψN1,N2(α,β)(x˜,y˜) and ΦN1,N2(α,β)(x˜,y˜,ϕn) by using Eqs. (43) and (45) with (α,β)=(2π/5,2π/5) and (N1,N2)=(4,11).

Fig. 9. (a) Configuration of the single lens mode converter. Two vertical lines show the positions of the beam waists produced by the spherical matching lens and by the active axis of the cylindrical lens with focal length f. (b) Relationship between the xy-Cartesian coordinate system and the x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system. The x′ and y′ axes are the active and inactive components of the cylindrical lens.

Fig. 10. Experimental results (first column), numerical wave patterns (second column), and phase structures (third column) for the propagation evolution of the converted beam Ψ9,0(x,y,z;ζ) with ζ=π/4. The number in the right side denotes the size of the pattern with the unit ωo/2.

Fig. 11. Experimental results (first column), numerical wave patterns (second column), and phase structures (third column) for the propagation evolution of the converted beam Ψ9,4(x,y,z;ζ) with ζ=π/4. The number in the right side denotes the size of the pattern with the unit ωo/2.

Fig. 12. Experimental results (first column), numerical wave patterns (second column), and phase structures (third coulmn) for the propagation evolution of the converted beam Ψ8,8(x,y,z;ζ) with ζ=π/4. The number in the right side denotes the size of the pattern with the unit ωo/2.

Fig. 13. Experimental results (first column), numerical wave patterns (second column), and phase structures (third column) for the propagation evolution of the converted beam Ψ9,4(x,y,z;ζ) with ζ=−5π/36. The number in the right side denotes the size of the pattern with the unit ωo/2.