Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of liquid crystal molecules under the action of electric field^[1]

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the structure and principle of edge electric field driven liquid lens^[1]

Fig. 3. Double-liquid-crystal-layer liquid crystal lens^[3]

Fig. 4. Imaging result image^[4]. (a) V = 0, V₂ = 0; (b) V₁ = 35 V_rms, V₂ = 0; (c)V = 0, V = 60 V_rms

Fig. 5. Cross section of LC lens with double-hole patterned electrodes^[6]

Fig. 6. Electrode lead layout diagram^[8]

Fig. 7. High impedance electrode layer liquid crystal lens^[10]

Fig. 8. Liquid lens with floating electrode^[11]

Fig. 9. Structure diagram of ultrasonic driven liquid lens^[14]

Fig. 10. Working principle of the first electrowetting liquid lens^[15]

Fig. 11. Columnar liquid lens zoom principle and physical diagram^[17]. (a) Initial state; (b) after applying voltage state; (c) lens physical diagram

Fig. 12. Schematic diagram of longitudinal section based on EWOD principle^[18]

Fig. 13. Path of light in multiple reflective electrowetting lens^[23]

Fig. 14. Schematic diagram of the setup used to characterize the response time of the EWOD lens^[26]

Fig. 15. Electrowetting lens schematics for three liquids^[28]

Fig. 16. General structure and working principle of liquid-filled liquid lens. (a) Inject or draw out liquid type; (b) membrane is deformed by external action

Fig. 17. Diamond turning aspherical liquid lens schematic diagram^[33]. (a) Overall device diagram; (b) cross section view

Fig. 18. Progressive multifocal lens schematic diagram^[34]

Fig. 19. Two modes of electromagnetic driving lens^[36]

Fig. 20. Liquid lens with piezoelectric brake^[39]

Fig. 21. Piezoelectric driving elastomer zoom lens schematic diagram^[41]

Fig. 22. Principle schematic of bionic dielectric elastomer lens^[42]

Fig. 23. Physical sketch of bionic lens^[42]

Fig. 24. Imitation eye lens structure diagram^[43]

Fig. 25. Detail schematic of internal sealed liquid lens^[46]

Fig. 26. Schematic diagram of working process of liquid lens driven by electrostatic force^[47]