Fig. 1. (a) Schematic of the cascading of polarization coupling and SFG, showing TE/TM-independent operation during the frequency upconversion; (b) experimental setup.

Fig. 2. Simulation of the SF output with respective to TE/TM-polarized FW₁ input.

Fig. 3. (a) Temperature tuning of polarization coupling for FW₁ and the corresponding FW₂ in SFG; (b) phase-matching tuning curve of polarization coupling; (c) phase-matching tuning curve of SFG.

Fig. 4. (a) Spectrum of the SFG signal, as well as SHG of each wave, with TE or TM FW₁ input; (b) SFG intensity as a function of the pump power of FW₂.

Fig. 5. Upconverted SFG signal as a function of the applied voltage for TE/TM FW₁ input. FW₂ is the TM mode and unaffected by the applied electric field.