Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of spiking neural network. (a) Spiking neuron; (b) spiking neural network

Fig. 2. Photonic neuromorphic devices for emulating spiking dynamics and synaptic plasticity/reconfigurable synapse

Fig. 3. Representative advances in active device-based optoelectronic integration computing. (a) Pattern recognition achieved using a single laser chip through time-division multiplexing^[13]; (b) hardware computing architecture based on VCSEL and VOA^[48]; (c) hardware computing architecture based on two-section semiconductor laser chip and VOA^[49]; (d) hardware computing architecture based on two-section semiconductor laser chip and SOA^[50]

Fig. 4. Representative advances in optoelectronic integrated computing based on silicon-based integration platforms. (a) Integrated all-optical SNN based on MRR and PCM^[12]; (b) photonic neuromorphic processing system based on electrically driven MRR^[19]

Fig. 5. Representative advances in optoelectronic integrated computing based on hybrid architectures. (a) Hybrid PSNN based on VCSEL-SA and MZI network^[51]; (b) photonic neuromorphic processing architecture based on optoelectronic spiking neurons and MZI network^[52]; (c) integrated neuromorphic photonic system based on VCSEL-MRR^[53]

Fig. 6. Prospective architecture for optoelectronic integrated neuromorphic computing. (a) Optical neuromorphic computing architecture; (b) optoelectronic neuromorphic processor architecture