Wireless data transmission using visual codes

Fig. 4. Illustration of distortions and transition artifacts induced by visual transmission: (a) frame without transition effects; (b) motion blur; (c) overlay artifacts.

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Fig. 5. Captured colored image and decomposed color channels for RGB: (a) captured colored image; (b) red channel; (c) green channel; (d) blue channel.

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Fig. 6. Frame setup of visual codes. The proposed visual codes consist of three parts: payload code, meta code, and frame synchronization pattern.

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Fig. 7. Merging of three payload codes into a single colored payload code.

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Fig. 8. Timing of displaying and capturing process. The upper time line shows how the screen displays the visual code sequence. The displaying is affected by the response rate of the screen and the time each visual code is shown. The lower time line shows the capturing times of the camera.

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Fig. 9. Illustration of temporal sequence-wise FEC encoding.

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Table 1. QR Code Error Correction Levels
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Table 1. QR Code Error Correction Levels
Error Correction Level Recovery Capacity
L $\approx 7 %$
M $\approx 15 %$
Q $\approx 25 %$
H $\approx 30 %$

Table 2. FEC Coding of QR Codes
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Table 2. FEC Coding of QR Codes
QR Code Version Total Number of Words Error Correction Level Number of Error Correction Words Error Correction Code
6 172 L 36 (86,68,9)
6 172 H 112 (43,15,14)

Table 3. Performance of Conventional Black-and-White QR Codes with Frame-wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone

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Table 3. Performance of Conventional Black-and-White QR Codes with Frame-wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone

QR Code Version	Error Correction Level	Total Rate (bytes/frame)	Symbol Rate (bytes/frame)	Mean Symbol Error Rate	Data Received Correctly
9	L	292	230	0	Yes
9	H	292	98	0	Yes
10	L	346	271	$\approx 0.0392$	No
10	H	346	119	0	Yes
11	L	404	321	$\approx 0.0465$	No
11	H	404	137	0	Yes
12	L	466	367	$\approx 0.1060$	No
12	H	466	155	0	Yes
13	L	532	425	$\approx 0.1643$	No
13	H	532	177	$\approx 0.1561$	No

Table 4. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone
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Table 4. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone
QR Code Version Total Rate (bytes/frame) Symbol Rate (bytes/frame) Mean Symbol Error Rate Data Received Correctly
11 404 213 0 Yes
12 466 245 0 Yes
13 532 280 0 Yes
14 581 306 $\approx 0.3107$ No

Table 5. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone
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Table 5. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone
QR Code Version Total Rate (bytes/frame) Symbol Rate (bytes/frame) Mean Symbol Error Rate Data Received Correctly
18 901 475 0 Yes
19 991 522 0 Yes
20 1085 572 $\approx 0.4703$ No

Table 6. Performance of Colored Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone
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Table 6. Performance of Colored Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone
QR Code Version Total Rate (bytes/frame) Symbol Rate (bytes/frame) Mean Symbol Error Rate Data Received Correctly
13 1596 840 0 Yes
14 1743 918 0 Yes
15 1965 1035 0 Yes
16 2199 1158 0 Yes
17 2445 1287 $\approx 0.4713$ No

Table 7. Performance Bounds Derived from Transmission Experiments

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Table 7. Performance Bounds Derived from Transmission Experiments

User Device	FEC Coding Technique	Color of Visual Code	Frame Rate (fps)	Bit Rate (kbit/s)
Samsung Galaxy Ace	Conventional frame-wise FEC encoding	Black-and-white	10	18.40
Samsung Galaxy Ace	Proposed sequence-wise FEC encoding	Black-and-white	10	22.40
Apple iPhone 4	Proposed sequence-wise FEC encoding	Black-and-white	13	54.29
Apple iPhone 4	Proposed sequence-wise FEC encoding	Colored	13	120.43

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Thilo Fath, Falk Schubert, and Harald Haas, "Wireless data transmission using visual codes," Photonics Res. 2, 150 (2014)

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Paper Information

Received: May. 14, 2014

Accepted: Jul. 16, 2014

Published Online: Nov. 5, 2014

The Author Email: Thilo Fath (thilo.fath@ed-alumni.net)

DOI:10.1364/PRJ.2.000150

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. QR Code Error Correction Levels

Table 1. QR Code Error Correction Levels

Table 2. FEC Coding of QR Codes

Table 2. FEC Coding of QR Codes

Table 3. Performance of Conventional Black-and-White QR Codes with Frame-wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone

Table 3. Performance of Conventional Black-and-White QR Codes with Frame-wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone

Table 4. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone

Table 4. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Samsung Galaxy Ace Smartphone

Table 5. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone

Table 5. Performance of Black-and-White Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone

Table 6. Performance of Colored Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone

Table 6. Performance of Colored Visual Codes with Temporal Sequence-Wise FEC Coding Using Apple iPhone 4 Smartphone

Table 7. Performance Bounds Derived from Transmission Experiments

Table 7. Performance Bounds Derived from Transmission Experiments