Fig. 1. Stratification of cross section of material surface^[23]

Fig. 2. Schematic of formation theory of LSFL^[27]

Fig. 3. Formation process of compound double pulse train

Fig. 4. Spatial distribution of LIPSS under action of single pulse with large energy ^[30]

Fig. 5. Relationship between thickness of silica film on silicon substrate and direction of LSFL^[33]

Fig. 6. Schematic of single grating structure of LIPSS^[35]. (a) 3D schematic diagram; (b) 2D sectional view

Fig. 7. Surface condition of target material under different conditions^[36]

Fig. 8. Morphology of LIPSS under different pulse width laser^[38]. (a)25 fs; (b) 50 fs;(c)100 fs

Fig. 9. Apparatu for preparing diamond crystals^[45]

Fig. 10. Microscopic morphology of LIPSS formed on surface of diamond scattering crystal^[45]. (a) 2D cross section curve of single LIPSS; (b) 3D schematic; (c) 2D cross-section curve of multiple LIPSS

Fig. 11. Surface morphology of copper silicide crystal grown by LIPSS^[47]

Fig. 12. Surface micromorphology of highly hydrophobic stainless steel with layered structure prepared by LIPSS^[48]

Fig. 13. Actual test results of highly hydrophobic stainless steel^[45]

Fig. 14. HAP porous structure prepared by LIPSS under different number of pulses^[52]. (a)5; (b)10

Fig. 15. GNP-PS composite material prepared by LIPSS^[53]

Fig. 16. ITO thin films prepared by LIPSS^[55]