Fig. 1. Refractive index distribution (cores numbered 1-19) and mode field distribution of the 19-core supermode fiber. (a) Refractive index distribution; (b) Mode field distribution

Fig. 2. (a) Variation of \begin{document}$ {A_{eff}} $\end{document} and \begin{document}$ \Delta {N_{{\text{e}}ff}} $\end{document} of MCSMF with \begin{document}$ d/r $\end{document}; (b) Variation of group delay of the MCSMF with signal wavelength; (c) Variation of Γ of the MCSMF with \begin{document}$ d/r $\end{document}

Fig. 3. Variation of gain and DMG of MC-SM-EDFA with pump power and fiber length. (a) Pump power; (b) Fiber length

Fig. 4. Optimization process of particle swarm algorithm

Fig. 5. Variation of gain and noise figure of MC-SM-EDFA with pump power. (a) Gain and DMG; (b) NF

Fig. 6. Variation of gain and noise figure of MC-SM-EDFA with fiber length. (a) Gain and DMG; (b) NF

Fig. 7. Variation of gain and noise figure of MC-SM-EDFA with signal wavelength. (a) Gain and DMG; (b) NF

Fig. 8. Distribution characteristics of DMG. (a) Erbium-doped concentration varies from −5% to 5%; (b) Erbium-doped concentration varies from −10% to 10%