Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic of adaptive optoelectronic transistors. Reproduced with permission^{[1, 17, 15, 27−30, 41]}. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 2. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices for RGB discrimination. (a) A schematic 3D view of the QDs/a-IGZO device. (b) Schematic illustration of the QDs/a-IGZO device array. (c) Optical microscope images of 12 × 12 device array. Reproduced with permission^[36]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic of the device structure. (e) Energy band diagram of the QDs and a-IGZO. (f) The recorded PSC values for various light. (g) Gate bias-dependent PSCs. Reproduced with permission^[13]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. (h) Conventional lateral pixel matrix. (i) Fabrication process of the device array. (j) Schematic of the vertical color device. (k) The design principle of the vertical color device for chromatic aberration correction. (l) The circuit of the device array. Reproduced with permission^[26]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (m) The potentiation and depression behavior under 405 nm light and 620 nm light. (n) The response of Drosophila to food under different colors. Reproduced with permission^[26]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (o) Tuning the amplitude of photocurrent by varying the pulse. (p) Controlling the physisorption of O₂ molecules on the PtSe₂ by varying the pressure or optical stimuli. Reproduced with permission^[37]. Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 3. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices for ultraviolet detection: materials and applications. (a) The schematics of the optoelectronic transistor. (b) UV−vis absorption spectra for BTBTT6-syn. (c) PSC of the device triggered by an ultraweak UV light spike. (d) Illustration of motion detection with the device arrays. Reproduced with permission^[17]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. (e) Schematic of the Ca₂Nb₃O₁₀ optoelectronic transistor. Reproduced with permission^[47]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (f) Schematical diagram of the optoelectronic transistor. (g) PPC and NPC under different light. (h) and (i) Biomimetic real-time navigation using the device arrays. (j) Examples of ideal patterns, no anti-glare processing, and the patterns with anti-glare processing with the device. (k) Comparison of pattern recognition accuracy with and without the anti-glare processing. Reproduced with permission^[15]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

Fig. 4. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices for dynamic STP and LTP. (a) Schematic diagram of the optoelectronic transistor. (b)−(d) PSCs triggered by various light with intensity of 105 µW∙cm⁻². (e) A schematic image of encoding the color information. (f) The channel conductance as a function of pulse number. (g)−(j) The difference between blue and other features as the number of light pulses increases. Reproduced with permission^[27] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (k) The transferring process of photogenerated carriers in the device after positive and negative polarization. (l) The exciting postsynaptic current triggered by variant pulse durations. Reproduced with permission^[78]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

Fig. 5. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices with photopic and scotopic adaptation. (a) Illustration of scotopic and photopic adaptation of human eye. Reproduced with permission^[79] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. (b) Scotopic and (c) photopic adaptation of the human retina. (d) PSCs of the device under different gate voltage and different light intensity. Reproduced with permission^[1]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature.

Fig. 6. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices with photopic and scotopic adaptation for polarized light detection and the wearable electronics. (a) Schematic of the optoelectronic transistor. (b) The chemical structure of pentacene and chiral silver nanocluster enantiomorph. (c) Shrimp-like functions and anatomical structure of the device. (d) Imitation of all-in-one functional behaviors, including color vision, adaptative vision, and circular polarization vision. Reproduced with permission^[88]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. (e) Schematic of the intrinsically stretchable optoelectronic transistor. (f) UV−vis absorption spectra of the photosensitive films. (g) Light intensity dependence (top) and gate voltage dependence (bottom) adaptation behaviors of the device. Reproduced with permission^[93]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

Fig. 7. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices for active adaptation. (a) Schematic of the optoelectronic transistor. (b) Real-time photoresponse of the device to various light stimuli on a dark background. (c) Schematic of the proposed light-tuning principle for the buried P3HT: PCBM floating gate. Reproduced with permission^[28]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. (d) Device structure of the nanoporous structured optoelectronic transistor. AFM images for (e) PVK thin film on SiO₂/Si, (f) pentacene thin film on PVK/SiO₂/Si. PSCs triggered by various light intensities. (g) PSCs of the nanoporous device. (h) Comparation of the decay rate between non-porous and nanoporous device. (i) Schematic illustration of nanoporous structured optoelectronic transistors for artificial vision system. Reproduced with permission^[98]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 8. (Color online) Second-order adaptation. (a) Schematic of metaplasticity. Synaptic weight change as a function of frequencies of optical spikes at the wavelength of (b) 375 nm and (c) 532 nm. Reproduced with permission^[123]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic of the typical triplet-STDP. (e) Response of the synaptic weight to a group of postsynaptic spike trains with a frequency sequence. (f) and (g) Demonstration of triplet-STDP results. Reproduced with permission^[117]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature.

Fig. 9. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices with metaplasticity and the applications in image processing. (a) Triplet-STDP-based BCM learning rules. (b) Evolution of the orientation selectivity with the learning epochs. Reproduced with permission^[117]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. (c) Transfer curves of the devices. (d) PSCs of the devices with different amplitude of gate voltage pluses. (e) The calculated ∆PSC as a function of gate pulses. (f) History-dependent synaptic plasticity of the devices. (g) Metaplasticity achieved in the optoelectronic transistors. The logo images of "ONE Lab" with (h) original image, (i) nonideal image with uneven light and low contract, and (j) the image processed by the organic heterojunction transistors. (k) Recognition accuracy with different architectures. Reproduced with permission^[29]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 10. (Color online) Optoelectronic devices with synaptic saturation. (a) Schematic demonstration of the optoelectronic transistor. (b) The PSC under various continuous multi 365 nm light pulses. Reproduced with permission^[133]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (c) Schematic diagram of the optoelectronic transistor and its feedforward photoadaptive characteristics. Reproduced with permission^[30]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. (d) Schematic shows of the optoelectronic transistor. (e) Realization of visual adaptation functions. Reproduced with permission^[75]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.