Impact of Cross-Hemisphere Transported Asian Dust on Cirrus Formation over the North Atlantic: Case Studies Based on CALIOP and CloudSat Observations (Invited)

Kahou Nong; Wei Gong; Yingying Ma; Yun He; Zhenping Yin; Detlef Müller; Huijia Shen; Qiaoyun Hu; Igor Veselovskii

doi:10.3788/AOS251188

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 45, Issue 18, 1801011(2025)

Impact of Cross-Hemisphere Transported Asian Dust on Cirrus Formation over the North Atlantic: Case Studies Based on CALIOP and CloudSat Observations (Invited)

Kahou Nong¹, Wei Gong^1,2、**, Yingying Ma^1,3、*, Yun He^4,5, Zhenping Yin⁶, Detlef Müller⁶, Huijia Shen⁷, Qiaoyun Hu⁸, and Igor Veselovskii⁹

Author Affiliations

¹State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei , China

²School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei , China

³Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan 430079, Hubei , China

⁴School of Earth and Space Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei , China

⁵State Observatory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing, Wuhan 430072, Hubei , China

⁶School of Remote Sensing and Information Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei , China

⁷Department of Information Science, Cornell University, New York 10044, USA

⁸Centre national de la recherche scientifique/Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, Université de Lille, Lille 59000, France

⁹Physics Instrumentation Center, General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 142190, Russia

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Fig. 1. CALIPSO altitude‒orbit cross section of 532 nm on 18 May 2007. (a) Total attenuated backscattering coefficient and (b) volume depolarization ratio from CALIPSO Level-1B; (c) vertical feature mask, (d) cloud subtype, and (e) aerosol subtype from CALIOP Level-2

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Fig. 2. Mean dust column mass concentration from 10 May to 18 May 2007 provided by MERRA-2 data. The colored lines denote the 8-day backward trajectories initiated on 18 May 2007 at altitudes of 10.5 km as simulated by the HYSPLIT model. The black lines indicate the CALIPSO satellite’s trajectories, with the locations of dust occurrence marked in light blue along the trajectory

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Fig. 3. Altitude‒orbit cross section data of the 532 nm total attenuated backscattering coefficient during the period from 10 May to 18 May 2007 provided by the Level-1B product of CALIPSO. The positions of the satellite orbits correspond to the black trajectories shown in Fig. 2. The yellow lines denote the 8-day backward trajectories initiated on 18 May 2007 at altitudes of 10.5 km as simulated by the HYSPLIT model

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Fig. 4. Altitude‒orbit cross section of different parameters provided by the DARDAR (liDAR‒raDAR) product on 18 May 2007. (a) Cloud extinction coefficient; (b) cloud particle effective radius; (c) ice water density; (d) $n_{i c e, 5 μ m}$ ; (e) $n_{i c e, 25 μ m}$

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Fig. 5. Vertical profiles of dust optical properties, cloud-related parameters, meteorological parameters, INPC, and ICNC (Observe on 18 May 2007. INP-related profiles are calculated by merging CALIOP measurements within the latitude range of 50.8°N to 51.6°N, while DARDAR-Nice profiles are integrated over the range of 48.6°N to 50.2°N. $S_{i}$ denotes the ice saturation ratio). (a) Dust and total (dust+non-dust) extinction coefficients; (b) particle volume depolarization ratio; (c) concentration of large particles with radius >250 nm (denoted as $n_{250, d}$ ) and surface area concentration ( $S_{d}$ ); (d) relative humidity with respect to water ( $H_{w}$ ), relative humidity with respect to ice ( $H_{i}$ ), and temperature ( $T$ , from MERRA-2 data); (e) INPC ( $n_{I N P}$ , based on the U17-D parameterization scheme) and ICNC ( $n_{i c e}$ , from the DARDAR-Nice product), and the purple shading represents a factor of 3 uncertainty range for $n_{i c e, 25 μ m}$

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Fig. 6. CALIPSO altitude‒orbit cross section of 532 nm on 25 April 2008. (a) Total attenuated backscattering coefficient and (b) volume depolarization ratio from CALIPSO Level-1B; (c) vertical feature mask, (d) cloud subtype, and (e) aerosol subtype from CALIOP Level-2

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Fig. 7. Mean dust column mass concentration from 17 April to 25 April 2008 provided by MERRA-2 data. The colored lines denote the 8-day backward trajectories initiated on 25 April 2008 at altitudes of 10.0 km as simulated by the HYSPLIT model. The black lines indicate the CALIPSO satellite’s trajectories, with the locations of dust occurrence marked in light blue along the trajectory

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Fig. 8. Altitude‒orbit cross section data of the 532 nm total attenuated backscattering coefficient during the period from 17 April to 25 April 2008 provided by the Level-1B product of the CALIPSO. The positions of the satellite orbits correspond to the black trajectories shown in Fig. 7. The yellow lines denote the 8-day backward trajectories initiated on 25 April 2008 at altitudes of 10.0 km as simulated by the HYSPLIT model

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Fig. 9. Altitude‒orbit cross section of different parameters provided by the DARDAR product on 25 April 2008. (a) Cloud extinction coefficient; (b) cloud particle effective radius; (c) ice water density; (d) $n_{i c e, 5 μ m}$ ; (e) $n_{i c e, 25 μ m}$

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Fig. 10. Vertical profiles of dust optical properties, cloud-related parameters, meteorological parameters, INPC, and ICNC (Observe on 25 April 2008. INP-related profiles are calculated by merging CALIOP measurements within the latitude range of 39.7°N to 40.9°N, while DARDAR-Nice profiles are integrated over the range of 41.1°N to 42.0°N. $S_{i}$ denotes the ice saturation ratio). (a) Dust and total (dust+non-dust) extinction coefficients; (b) particle volume depolarization ratio; (c) concentration of large particles with radius >250 nm (denoted as $n_{250, d}$ ) and surface area concentration ( $S_{d}$ ); (d) relative humidity with respect to water ( $H_{w}$ ), relative humidity with respect to ice ( $H_{i}$ ), and temperature ( $T$ , from MERRA-2 data); (e) INPC ( $n_{I N P}$ , based on the U17-D parameterization scheme) and ICNC ( $n_{i c e}$ , from the DARDAR-Nice product), and the purple shading represents a factor of 3 uncertainty range for $n_{i c e, 25 μ m}$

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Table 1. Calculations and uncertainties for dust-related optical and ice-nucleating parameters^[9,40,48]

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Table 1. Calculations and uncertainties for dust-related optical and ice-nucleating parameters^[9,40,48]

Dust-related parameter	Computation	Uncertainty
Dust backscatter $β_{d}$	$\begin{array}{l} β_{d} (z) = β_{p} (z) \frac{[δ_{p} (z) - δ_{n d}] (1 + δ_{d})}{(δ_{d} - δ_{n d}) [1 + δ_{p} (z)]} \\ δ_{d} = 0.31, δ_{n d} = 0.05 \end{array}$	10%‒30%
Dust extinction $α_{d}$	$α_{d} (z) = R_{d} \times β_{d} (z)$	15%‒25%
Dust mass concentration $M_{d}$	$\begin{array}{l} M_{d} (z) = ρ_{d} \times α_{d} (z) \times c_{v, d} \\ ρ_{d} = 2.6 g \cdot c m^{- 3} \end{array}$	20%‒30%
Particle number concentration $(r > 250 n m) n_{250, d}$	$n_{250, d} (z) = α_{d} (z) \times c_{250, d}$	25%‒35%
Particle surface area concentration $S_{d}$	$S_{d} (z) = α_{d} (z) \times c_{s, d}$	30%‒40%
U17-D（d） INP concentration $n_{I N P}$	$n_{I N P} (z) = S_{d} (z) \times n_{s} [T (z), S_{i}]$ $n_{s} [T (z), S_{i}] =$ $e x p \{a_{u} {(S_{i} - 1)}^{\frac{1}{4}} \times c o s^{2} \{b_{u} [T (z) - c_{u}]\} a r c c o t \{d_{u} [T (z) - e_{u}] / π\}\}$ $a_{u} = 285.692$ ； $b_{u} = 0.017$ ； $c_{u} = 256.692$ ； $d_{u} = 0.080$ ； $e_{u} = 200.745$	Factor of 3

Table 2. Overview of in-cloud ICNC and dust-related INPC for the two cases on 18 May 2007 and 25 April 2008 in the North Atlantic

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Table 2. Overview of in-cloud ICNC and dust-related INPC for the two cases on 18 May 2007 and 25 April 2008 in the North Atlantic

Event time		18 May 2007	25 April 2008
Cirrus cloud	Latitude of cirrus	48.6‒50.2	41.1‒42.0
	ICNC, $n_{i c e, 5 μ m}$	32.3 (2.2‒140)	68.9 (4.8‒427.9)
	ICNC, $n_{i c e, 25 μ m}$	15.3 (1.2‒68.7)	34.1 (2.8‒223.5)
	ICNC, $n_{i c e, 100 μ m}$	2.4 (0.0‒15.5)	6.6 (0.2‒55.2)
Dust layer	Dominant dust type	Pure dust	Polluted dust
	Latitude of dust	50.8‒51.6	39.7‒40.9
	Altitude of dust layer	9.4‒10.9	9.7‒10.3
	Dust INPC, U17-D, $S_{i} = 1.05$ L^-1	0.2 (0‒0.7)	0.2 (0‒0.8) $\times$ 0.1
	Dust INPC, U17-D, $S_{i} = 1.15$ L^-1	26.0 (1.5‒132.8)	44.4 (0‒211.4) $\times$ 0.1
	Dust INPC, U17-D, $S_{i} = 1.25$ L^-1	483.5 (22.0‒2707.8)	957.2 (1.0‒5004.9) $\times$ 0.1
	Dust INPC, U17-D, $S_{i} = 1.35$ L^-1	4136.8 (147.1‒24612)	9080.1 (8.7‒50742) $\times$ 0.1

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Kahou Nong, Wei Gong, Yingying Ma, Yun He, Zhenping Yin, Detlef Müller, Huijia Shen, Qiaoyun Hu, Igor Veselovskii. Impact of Cross-Hemisphere Transported Asian Dust on Cirrus Formation over the North Atlantic: Case Studies Based on CALIOP and CloudSat Observations (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(18): 1801011

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Paper Information

Category: Atmospheric Optics and Oceanic Optics

Received: May. 30, 2025

Accepted: Aug. 20, 2025

Published Online: Sep. 19, 2025

The Author Email: Wei Gong (weigong@whu.edu.cn), Yingying Ma (yym863@whu.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/AOS251188

CSTR:32393.14.AOS251188

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Lasers and Laser Optics

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Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Calculations and uncertainties for dust-related optical and ice-nucleating parameters[9,40,48]

Table 1. Calculations and uncertainties for dust-related optical and ice-nucleating parameters[9,40,48]

Table 2. Overview of in-cloud ICNC and dust-related INPC for the two cases on 18 May 2007 and 25 April 2008 in the North Atlantic

Table 2. Overview of in-cloud ICNC and dust-related INPC for the two cases on 18 May 2007 and 25 April 2008 in the North Atlantic

Table 1. Calculations and uncertainties for dust-related optical and ice-nucleating parameters^[9,40,48]

Table 1. Calculations and uncertainties for dust-related optical and ice-nucleating parameters^[9,40,48]