Fig. 1. Flow chart for solving the k-ε-k_θ-ε_θ four-equation model

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of parallel plate flow

Fig. 3. Dimensionless temperature distribution along the wall-normal direction in parallel-plate flow heat transfer computations (color online)

Fig. 4. Comparison of liquid LBE flow heat transfer results in circular pipe between four-equation model and the SED model (color online)

Fig. 5. Comparison of liquid LBE flow heat transfer calculation results in circular pipe using the four-equation model under different k-ε models (color online)

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for liquid LBE in a 19-rod bundle channel

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram of the cross-section for flow computation model in a smooth 19-rod bundle channel

Fig. 8. Simulation results of flow in a smooth 19-rod bundle channel (color online)

Fig. 9. Simulation results of velocity and temperature distributions at the outlet cross-section for liquid LBE flow in a smooth 19-rod bundle channel (color online) (a, c) Pe≈1 300, (b, d) Pe≈3 000