Fig. 1. Tap water pipe leakage detection system. (a) Schematic; (b) physical map

Fig. 2. Leakage detection signals of tap water pipe. (a) Detection signal a; (b) detection signal b; (c) normalized signal a; (d) normalized signal b

Fig. 3. Clustering results under no-leakage and leakage of tap water pipe. (a) Classification of test samples; (b) clustering results of detection signals a and b

Fig. 4. Primary template for detection of signal threshold. (a) 200 m measurement fiber; (b) 500 m measurement fiber

Fig. 5. Final template for detection of signal threshold. (a) 200 m measurement fiber; (b) 500 m measurement fiber

Fig. 6. Location of tap water pipe leakage point. (a) 200 m measurement fiber; (b) 500 m measurement fiber

Fig. 7. Misinformation of water pipe leakage. (a) False alarm at 250 m; (b) elimination of false alarm