Fig. 1. Wettability model. (a) CA; (b) SA; (c) Wenzel model; (d) Cassie-Baxter model; (e) Wenzel-Cassie model

Fig. 2. Surface microstructure constructed by DLW method. (a) Microns-pillar on aluminum foil^[25]; (b) micro-nano grooves on carbon steel surface^[26]; (c) microstructures of aluminum, copper and galvanized steel surfaces^[27]; (d) broccoli-like and cone shaped pillar structures on enamel surface^[28]

Fig. 3. Surface microstructure constructed by DLIP method. (a) Micro-wall cell structure on Ti6Al4V surface^[29]; (b)‒(c) cone and hole structures on stainless steel surface^[30]; (d)‒(e) micro-nano pillar structures and laser confocal image of aluminium surface^[31]; (f)‒(g) line-like and pillar-like micro structures of stainless steel surface^[32]

Fig. 4. Surface microstructure constructed by LIPSS method. (a)‒(b) Ripple structures of copper surface and it's 3D atomic force micrograph and cross sectional profile^[33]; (c)‒(d) ripple structure of the Ti6Al4V surface and local HSFL and LSFL^[35]

Fig. 5. Application of superhydrophobic surfaces in the field of self-cleaning. (a)‒(b) Hydrophobic state of water droplets on glass surface^[36]; (c) comparison of self-cleaning effect^[53]

Fig. 6. Application of superhydrophobic surfaces in the field of aircraft anti-icing. (a) Ice process of reference airfoil and airfoil surface area after DLIP treatment within 300 s; (b) relationship between ice accretion amount and time^[37]

Fig. 7. Number of bacteria retained on the surface of each sample after the experiment^[38]

Fig. 8. WCA and SA on the surface after soaking in NaCl solution. (a) Superhydrophobic surface; (b) smooth surface ^[39]

Fig. 9. Application of superhydrophobic surface in the field of oil-water separation. (a)‒(b) Separation process of oil-water mixture; (c) separation efficiency after immersing in different solutions; (d) separation efficiency for different oil-water mixtures; (e) separation efficiency and oil flux after 40 cycles^[40]