[1] Ozakyol A. Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC epidemiology)[J]. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, 48, 238-240(2017).

[2] Llovet J M, Kelley R K, Villanueva A et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7, 6(2021).

[3] Llovet J M, Castet F, Heikenwalder M et al. Immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Nature reviews Clinical oncology, 19, 151-172(2022).

[4] Pfister D, Núñez N G, Pinyol R et al. NASH limits anti-tumour surveillance in immunotherapy-treated HCC[J]. Nature, 592, 450-456(2021).

[5] Mirshahi F, Aqbi H F, Isbell M et al. Distinct hepatic immunological patterns are associated with the progression or inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cell Reports, 38, 110454(2022).

[6] Zhu A X, Dan G D D, Sahani D V et al. HCC and angiogenesis: possible targets and future directions[J]. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 8, 292-301(2011).

[7] Jain R K. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy[J]. Science, 307, 58-62(2005).

[8] Zheng Z H, Guan R G, Wang J X et al. Microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma: a review of its definition, clinical significance, and comprehensive management[J]. Journal of Oncology, 2022, 1-10(2022).

[9] Denardo S J, Knax S J, Gamo I A. 73-tumor-targeted radioisotope therapy[M]. Hoppe R T, Phillips T L, Roach M. Leibel and Phillips textbook of radiation oncology, 1544-1563(2010).

[10] Martin B C, Gebhard David F, Andresen Catharine J. Antitumor effect of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor sunitinib in preclinical models of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 24, 563-574(2012).

[11] Özkan A, Stolley D L, Cressman E N K et al. Vascularized hepatocellular carcinoma on a chip to control chemoresistance through cirrhosis, inflammation and metabolic activity[J]. Small Structures, 2200403(2023).

[12] Hack S P, Zhu A X, Wang Y L. Augmenting anticancer immunity through combined targeting of angiogenic and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways: challenges and opportunities[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 598877(2020).

[13] Yang Z F, Poon R T P. Vascular changes in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 291, 721-734(2008).

[14] Saito K, Ledsam J, Sourbron S et al. Measuring hepatic functional reserve using low temporal resolution Gd-EOB-DTPA dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI: a preliminary study comparing galactosyl human serum albumin scintigraphy with indocyanine green retention[J]. European Radiology, 24, 112-119(2014).

[15] Pavlov C S, Casazza G, Semenistaia M et al. Ultrasonography for diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis in people with alcoholic liver disease[J]. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD011602(2016).

[16] Zhang W Y, Luo X Z, Yang F et al. Photoacoustic (532 nm and 1064 nm) and ultrasonic coscanning microscopy for in vivo imaging on small animals: a productized strategy[J]. Journal of Biophotonics, 202300007(2023).

[17] Shen Q, Wu X L, Zhang Z et al. Gamma frequency light flicker regulates amyloid precursor protein trafficking for reducing β- amyloid load in Alzheimer’s disease model[J]. Aging Cell, 21, 13573(2022).

[18] Tong X, Lin L, Hu P et al. Non-invasive 3D photoacoustic tomography of angiographic anatomy and hemodynamics of fatty livers in rats[J]. Advanced Science, 10, 2205759(2023).

[19] Wang Z Y, Yang F, Cheng Z W et al. Photoacoustic-guided photothermal therapy by mapping of tumor microvasculature and nanoparticle[J]. Nanophotonics, 10, 3359-3368(2021).

[20] Huang G J, Lü J, He Y et al. In vivo quantitative photoacoustic evaluation of the liver and kidney pathology in tyrosinemia[J]. Photoacoustics, 28, 100410(2022).

[21] Lü J, Xu Y, Xu L et al. Quantitative functional evaluation of liver fibrosis in mice with dynamic contrast-enhanced photoacoustic imaging[J]. Radiology, 300, 89-97(2021).

[22] Wang Q, Shi Y J, Yang F et al. Quantitative photoacoustic elasticity and viscosity imaging for cirrhosis detection[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 112, 211902(2018).

[23] Mu G, Zhang Z H, Shi Y J. Photoacoustic imaging technology in biomedical imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 49, 2007208(2022).

[24] Yin F F, Cao N, Xiang X L et al. DNA framework-based topological aptamer for differentiating subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J]. Chemical Research in Chinese Universities, 37, 919-924(2021).

[25] Zhou Q, Li Z, Zhou J et al. In vivo photoacoustic tomography of EGFR overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma mouse xenograft[J]. Photoacoustics, 4, 43-54(2016).

[26] Qi S, Zhang Y C, Liu G Y et al. Plasmonic-doped melanin-mimic for CXCR4-targeted NIR-II photoacoustic computed tomography-guided photothermal ablation of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 129, 245-257(2021).

[27] Zhang S P, Chen H, Wang L P et al. A general approach to design dual ratiometric fluorescent and photoacoustic probes for quantitatively visualizing tumor hypoxia levels in vivo[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 61, 202107076(2022).

[28] Park J H, Kim H J, Kim C W et al. Tumor hypoxia represses γδ T cell-mediated antitumor immunity against brain tumors[J]. Nature Immunology, 22, 336-346(2021).

[29] Jeong H, Kim S, Hong B J et al. Tumor-associated macrophages enhance tumor hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis[J]. Cancer Research, 79, 795-806(2019).

[30] Emami N A, Najafgholian S, Rostami A et al. The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of cancer stem cell: a novel approach to developing treatment[J]. Cancer Cell International, 21, 1-26(2021).

[31] Lin L, Wang L V. The emerging role of photoacoustic imaging in clinical oncology[J]. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, 19, 365-384(2022).

[32] Romanque P, Piguet A C, Dufour J F. Targeting vessels to treat hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Clinical Science, 114, 467-477(2008).

[33] García-Pras E, Fernández-Iglesias A, Gracia-Sancho J et al. Cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities[J]. Cancers, 14, 48(2021).

[34] Pang R, Poon R T P. Angiogenesis and antiangiogenic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Cancer Letters, 242, 151-167(2006).

[35] Rajani C, Borisa P, Karanwad T et al. Cancer-targeted chemotherapy: emerging role of the folate anchored dendrimer as drug delivery nanocarrier[M]. Chauhan A, Kulhari H. Pharmaceutical applications of dendrimers(2020).

[36] Wu X Z, Xie G R, Chen D. Hypoxia and hepatocellular carcinoma: the therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 22, 1178-1182(2007).

[37] Mossenta M, Busato D, Bo M D et al. Glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in hepatocellular carcinoma: role and possible implications in novel therapeutic strategies[J]. Cancers, 12, 1668(2020).

[38] Faivre S, Rimassa L, Finn R S. Molecular therapies for HCC: looking outside the box[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 72, 342-352(2020).

[39] Rebouissou S, Nault J C. Advances in molecular classification and precision oncology in hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Journal of Hepatology, 72, 215-229(2020).

[40] Roderburg C, Wree A, Demir M et al. The role of the innate immune system in the development and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatic Oncology, 7, HEP17(2020).

[41] Yang F, Yu Y. Tumor microenvironment: the critical element of tumor metastasis[J]. Chinese Journal of Lung Cancer, 18, 48-54(2015).

[42] Heimbach J K, Kulik L M, Finn R S et al. AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J]. Hepatology, 67, 358-380(2018).

[43] Li J, Li S, Chen J J et al. Progress and biomedical application of non-contact photoacoustic imaging[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 48, 1918005(2021).

[44] Zhang J D, Sun X, Li H H et al. In vivo characterization and analysis of glioblastoma at different stages using multiscale photoacoustic molecular imaging[J]. Photoacoustics, 30, 100462(2023).

[45] Chen N B, Zhou H C, Zhao H X et al. High-resolution photoacoustic quantitative imaging of tumor vessels[J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 46, 0907001(2019).

[46] Zhang Z H, Mu G, Wang E Q et al. Photoacoustic imaging of tumor vascular involvement and surgical margin pathology for feedback-guided intraoperative tumor resection[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 121, 193702(2022).