Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of the ASW lasers. (b) Scanning electron microscope image of the ASW lasers, top view (left) and enlarged view (right).

Fig. 2. Details of the ASW structure. The inset shows the near-field distribution of different order modes of conventional BA lasers.

Fig. 3. The optical field distributions of lateral modes with order numbers m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8 through the ASW lasers, respectively.

Fig. 4. (a) Energy retained after transmitting different lateral modes through the ASW structure with microstructure size ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6. (b)–(f) Simulated optical field distribution of modes with order numbers m = 0, 1, 3, 6 and 8 at the facet of conventional BA lasers and ASW lasers with the microstructure size ratio of 0.5.

Fig. 5. (a) L–I curves and (b) PCE–I curves of conventional BA lasers and ASW lasers with different positions and periods. The inset displays the spectra at 4.5 A of the BA laser and the ASW laser, respectively.

Fig. 6. The lateral far-field profiles at (a) 1 A and (b) 4.5 A of conventional BA lasers and ASW lasers, respectively. (c) The lateral far-field angles depending on the injection current at 288 K of conventional BA lasers and ASW lasers.