Fig. 1. Concept of dynamic 3D projection of vectorial images with an MMF. (a) Strong coupling between the spatial and polarization degrees of freedom of light propagating through an MMF, yielding speckle fields with random polarization states in a 3D space. (b) Polarization-related TMs at targeted planes allow simultaneous active control of the output intensity and polarization by shaping the wavefront of light. (c) Phase-only holograms rendered from the 2D optical wavefront. (d), (e) 3D hologram for projecting multiple vectorial images through an MMF. Dynamic holographic vectorial projection can be implemented by switching the 3D holograms in sequence.

Fig. 2. Experimental setup. λ/2-WP, half waveplate; L, lens; Obj, objective lens; MMF, multimode fiber; TL, tube lens; P, polarizer.

Fig. 3. Characterization of the MMF-based 3D projector. (a) Measured polarization-related TMs in terms of two adjacent planes, tz1HH and tz2VH. N=64×64 segments on the DMD and M=192×192 pixels on the camera are taken as the input and output modes, respectively. (b) Autocorrelation |Ctz1HH,tz1HH| of tz1HH and cross-correlation |Ctz1HH,tz2VH| of the measured TMs. (c) Complete polarization control of focal spots projected at different planes. Yellow arrows label the polarization states. (d) Normalized intensity of the two focal spots measured behind a rotating polarizer. Scale bar, 25 μm.

Fig. 4. Experimental demonstration of polarization-multiplexed multiplane projection of grayscale images through an MMF. N=96×96 segments on the DMD and M=256×256 pixels on the camera are taken as the input and output modes, respectively. (a) Four desired grayscale images to be projected on different planes with various polarizations represented by the yellow arrows. (b)–(e) Images recorded at the targeted planes behind a polarizer with varying orientations (red arrows). Scale bar, 15 μm.

Fig. 5. Simultaneous control of linear and circular polarization states through an MMF. (a) Two grayscale images to be projected with linear and circular polarization states that are represented by the yellow arrows. (b)–(e) Images recorded at the targeted planes behind a polarizer with varying orientations (red arrows). Scale bar, 15 μm.

Fig. 6. Dynamic multiplane projection of 3D vectorial images through the MMF. (a)–(c) Image sequences projected on four axial planes with various polarization states (represented by yellow arrows) that were reconstructed from a sequential projection of dynamic 3D holograms. The dynamic process and their polarization-discernible images are available in Visualization 1. Scale bar, 15 μm.