Integrated Space-Air-Ground Optical Communication Networks: Status, Challenges, and Future Development Trends (Invited)

Yizhou Wang; Zhenghao Zhai; Yuanxiang Wang; Shenmao Zhang; Chen Liu; Qi Yang; Xiaoxiao Dai; Deming Liu

doi:10.3788/AOS250929

Acta Optica Sinica, Volume. 45, Issue 13, 1306017(2025)

Integrated Space-Air-Ground Optical Communication Networks: Status, Challenges, and Future Development Trends (Invited)

Yizhou Wang¹, Zhenghao Zhai¹, Yuanxiang Wang¹, Shenmao Zhang^1,3, Chen Liu^1,2,3, Qi Yang^1,2,3、*, Xiaoxiao Dai^1,2,3, and Deming Liu^1,2,3

Author Affiliations

¹National Engineering Laboratory for Next Generation Internet Access-System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei , China

²Hubei Optical Fundamental Research Center, Wuhan 430074, Hubei , China

³Jinyinhu Laboratory, Wuhan 430074, Hubei , China

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Figures & Tables(13)

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the high-speed transmission experiment between TBIRD laser terminal and JPL optical ground station^［10］

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Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of EDRS system operation

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Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of JDRS earth-to-star optical link experiment

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Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of 100 Gb/s interstellar communication between Jilin-1 satellites

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Fig. 5. Schematic diagram of multimodal communication terminal

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Fig. 6. Multimodal communication terminal. (a) Multimodal receiver; (b) multimodal transmitter

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Fig. 7. Multimodal communication system testing. (a) Experiment setup; (b) field test environment

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Fig. 8. Coherent signal sensitivity profile under real channels in the external field

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Table 1. Typical representative results and specific parameters of FSOC

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Table 1. Typical representative results and specific parameters of FSOC

Region	Time	Research institution	Link type	Modulation format	Communication rate
USA	2000	NASA, JPL	LEO-GNF	IM/DD	500 Mb/s
	2013	NASA, MIT	Lunar-GND	PPM	622 Mb/s
	2014	NASA, JPL	ISS-GND		50 Mb/s
	2015	NASA,	LEO-GND	PPM	200 Mb/s
	2018	NASA, MIT	LEO-GND	PPM	20 Mb/s
	2018	NASA	LEO-GND	IM/DD	100 Mb/s
	2019	NASA	GEO-GND	DPSK	1.2 Gb/s
	2021	NASA	LEO-GEO	DPSK	1.2 Gb/s
	2021	NASA, JPL, MIT	GEO-GND	DPSK	2.88 Gb/s
	2022	NASA	LEO-GND	PPM	250 Mb/s
	2022	NASA, JPL	LEO-GND	QPSK	100 Gb/s
	2023	NASA, JPL	DS-GND	PPM	267 Mb/s
	2024	SpaceX	LEO-LEO		200 Gb/s
Europe	2001	ESA	LEO-GEO	PPM	50 Mb/s
	2008	DLR	LEO-LEO	BPSK	5.625 Gb/s
	2016	ESA	GEO-GEO	BPSK	1.8 Gb/s
	2018	CNES	LEO-GND		2 Gb/s
	2019	ESA	GEO-GEO	BPSK	1.8 Gb/s
	2020	CNES	DS-GND	PPM	195 Kb/s
Japan	1995	JAXA	GEO-GND	IM/DD	1.038 Mb/s
	2005	JAXA	SSO-GND	PPM	49.372 Mb/s
	2014	NICT	LEO-GND	OOK	10 Mb/s
	2020	JAXA, NICT	GEO-LEO	RZ-DPSK	1.8 Gb/s
	2021	JAXA (JDRS)	GEO-GND	RZ-DPSK	2.5 Gb/s
China	2011	HIT	LEO-GND	IM/DD	500 Mb/s
	2016	SIOM	LEO-GND	DPSK	5.12 Gb/s
	2016	WHU	LEO-GND	IM/DD	1.6 Gb/s
	2017	704	GEO-GND	IM/DD	5 Gb/s
	2018	SIOM	MEO-MEO	BPSK	1 Gb/s
	2019	504	GEO-GND	QPSK	10 Gb/s
	2021	SIOM	LEO-LEO	OOK	10 Gb/s
	2023	CGS	LEO-GND	OOK	10 Gb/s
	2024	CGS	LEO-LEO		100 Gb/s

Table 2. Summary of the current state of the communications ranging integration research

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Table 2. Summary of the current state of the communications ranging integration research

Time	Research institution	Modulation format	Communication rate	Ranging accuracy
2005	GLONASS	OOK	50 kb/s	10 cm
2013	LLCD	PPM	622 Mb/s	3 cm
2017	CIOMP	OOK	10.23 Mb/s	0.33 mm
2018	BIT	BPSK	1 Gb/s	1 cm
2019	ZJU	BPSK	1 Gb/s	3 mm
2019	BITTT	BPSK	2.5 Gb/s	6.2 mm
2020	CUST	OOK	10 Mb/s	5.2 mm
2021	SIOM	BPSK	1.048 Gb/s	1.4 mm
2022	SIRE	OOK	10 Gb/s	3 cm
2023	SWIET	QPSK	10 Gb/s	1 cm
2024	BIT	BPSK	625 Mb/s	14.1 mm

Table 3. Multimodal communication terminal compatible signals
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Table 3. Multimodal communication terminal compatible signals
Communication system Communication rate /（Gb/s） Modulation format
Coherent optical communication system 0.625 BPSK
1.25 BPSK
2.5 BPSK
5 QPSK
10 DP-QPSK
IMDD system 10 OOK

Table 4. Experimental results of outfield ranging
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Table 4. Experimental results of outfield ranging
Optical delay line /ps Measured value /ps Error /ps RMSE /ps
100 -48.7148 -51.2851 47.37
200 -190.8476 -9.1523
300 -379.9101 79.9101
400 -447.8007 47.8007
550 -504.3515 -45.6484

Table 5. OOK receiving sensitivity
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Table 5. OOK receiving sensitivity
Format FEC ROP Rate
OOK 3.8×10^-3 -41 dBm 10 Gb/s

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Yizhou Wang, Zhenghao Zhai, Yuanxiang Wang, Shenmao Zhang, Chen Liu, Qi Yang, Xiaoxiao Dai, Deming Liu. Integrated Space-Air-Ground Optical Communication Networks: Status, Challenges, and Future Development Trends (Invited)[J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2025, 45(13): 1306017

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