Fig. 1. Satellite data of Shanxi, a major coal-producing province, and surrounding areas from October to December 2021, the rectangular boxes show the three main coal mining areas of Yangquan, Changzhi, and Jincheng. (a) Mean column concentration of methane from TROPOMI; (b) mean column concentration of methane from GOSAT; (c) standard deviation of column concentration of methane from TROPOMI

Fig. 2. Overall coverage of XCH4 product data (the ratio of days with data to all days) of Shanxi, a major coal-producing province, and surrounding areas from October to December 2021. (a) TROPOMI coverage; (b) GOSAT coverage

Fig. 3. Methane emissions from coal mines at multiple scales. (a) (b) Methane emissions from the coal industry in Shanxi province estimated by GOSAT and GEOS-Chem model^[17]; (c) methane emissions from individual coal mines by our team using a bottom-up inversion constrained by ground observations; (d) methane plume enhancement concentration ΔXCH4 from coal mines inverted by GF-5B/AHSI data