Effects of air bubbles on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited]

Fig. 1. Experimental platform with controllable bubbles for UOWC: (a) transmitter, (b) water channel with controllable bubble generation, (c) receiver of high speed visible light camera/APD.

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Fig. 2. Series of gray images as bubble density increases.

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Fig. 3. Series of gray images as bubble size increases.

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Fig. 4. Statistical distribution model fitting of received signal intensity under different bubble density.

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Fig. 5. Statistical distribution model fitting of received signal intensity under different bubble size.

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Fig. 6. BER performance versus bubble density.

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Fig. 7. BER performance versus bubble size.

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Fig. 8. BER performance versus bubble density under different PPM modulation orders.

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Fig. 9. BER performance versus bubble size under different PPM modulation orders.

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Table 1. Bubble Density and Size in Different Grades of Air Flow Rate
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Table 1. Bubble Density and Size in Different Grades of Air Flow Rate
N× 0× 3× 6× 9× 12× 15×
Bubble Density P_Bubble 0 9–12 23–27 27–33 32–38 35–38
N× 0× 3× 6× 9× 12× 15×
Bubble Size (mm) D_Bubble 0 1.2 1.8 2.5 $> 2.8$ $> 2.8$

Table 2. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Densities

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Table 2. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Densities

Bubble Density		0×	3×	6×	9×	12×	15×
$σ_{I, m}^{2}$		$2.32 e^{- 6}$	$6.2 e^{- 3}$	$1.1 e^{- 2}$	$1.55 e^{- 2}$	$1.83 e^{- 2}$	$2.13 e^{- 2}$
L	GoF (%)	89.3	98.2	99.0	98.3	98.1	96.8
	$μ$	$- 6.6 e^{- 7}$	$- 3.0 e^{- 3}$	$- 5.5 e^{- 3}$	$- 7.8 e^{- 3}$	$- 8.9 e^{- 3}$	$- 10 e^{- 3}$
	$σ^{2}$	$1.0 e^{- 3}$	$7.9 e^{- 2}$	$1.1 e^{- 1}$	$1.2 e^{- 1}$	$1.3 e^{- 1}$	$1.4 e^{- 1}$
G	GoF (%)	89.3	98.2	98.9	98.0	97.3	95.7
	$k$	$7.6 e^{+ 5}$	162	91	65	56	48
	$θ$	$1.3 e^{- 6}$	$6.2 e^{- 3}$	$1.1 e^{- 2}$	$1.5 e^{- 2}$	$1.8 e^{- 2}$	$2.1 e^{- 2}$
W	GoF (%)	89.1	89.2	89.7	89.4	84.7	82.9
	$β$	1.00	1.04	1.05	1.06	1.06	1.06
	$η$	1152	13.1	9.85	8.16	7.40	6.93

Table 3. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Sizes

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Table 3. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Sizes

Bubble Size		0×	3×	6×	9×	12×	15×
$σ_{I, m}^{2}$		$1.32 e^{- 6}$	$9.76 e^{- 2}$	$1.38 e^{- 1}$	$1.46 e^{- 1}$	$1.71 e^{- 1}$	$1.84 e^{- 1}$
L	GoF (%)	89.3	–	–	–	–	–
	$μ$	$- 6.6 e^{- 7}$	–	–	–	–	–
	$σ^{2}$	$1.0 e^{- 3}$	–	–	–	–	–
G	GoF (%)	89.3	5	–	–	–	–
	$k$	$7.6 e^{+ 5}$	6.4	–	–	–	–
	$θ$	$1.3 e^{- 6}$	$1.6 e^{- 1}$	–	–	–	–
W	GoF (%)	89.1	28	2.7	–	–	–
	$β$	1.00	1.10	1.11	–	–	–
	$η$	1152	3.98	3.08	–	–	–
GEVD	GoF (%)	–	91.6	89.5	86.7	75.4	67.6
	$k$	–	$- 1.0$	$- 0.9$	$- 0.8$	$- 0.8$	$- 0.8$
	$σ^{2}$	–	$3.32 e^{- 1}$	$4.1 e^{- 1}$	$4.2 e^{- 1}$	$4.7 e^{- 1}$	$4.9 e^{- 1}$
	$μ$	–	1.00	0.98	0.97	0.95	0.95

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Daomin Chen, Jiemei Wang, Shangbin Li, Zhengyuan Xu, "Effects of air bubbles on underwater optical wireless communication [Invited]," Chin. Opt. Lett. 17, 100008 (2019)

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Paper Information

Special Issue: UNDERWATER WIRELESS OPTICAL COMMUNICATION

Received: Jul. 13, 2019

Accepted: Sep. 10, 2019

Published Online: Oct. 11, 2019

The Author Email: Zhengyuan Xu (xuzy@ustc.edu.cn)

DOI:10.3788/COL201917.100008

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Bubble Density and Size in Different Grades of Air Flow Rate

Table 1. Bubble Density and Size in Different Grades of Air Flow Rate

Table 2. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Densities

Table 2. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Densities

Table 3. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Sizes

Table 3. Fitting Accuracy and Distribution Parameters of the Statistical Models under Different Bubble Sizes