[1] [1] Global CO2 emissions in 2019 - Analysis［OL］. IEA. 2023. https://www.iea.org/articles/global-co2-emissions-in-2019.

[2] [2] DAHLMANN P, LNGEN H B, GHENDA J T, et. al. Steel’s contribution to a low-carbon Europe 2050: Technical and economic analysis of the steel sector’s CO2 abatement potential［J］. Iron and Steel Technology, 2015, 12: 62-72.

[5] [5] KOCAK Y. Effects of metakaolin on the hydration development of Portland-composite cement［J］. J Build Eng, 2020, 31: 101419.

[6] [6] YANG K H, MOON G D, JEON Y S. Implementing ternary supplementary cementing binder for reduction of the heat of hydration of concrete［J］. J Clean Prod, 2016, 112: 845-852.

[7] [7] SKIBSTED J, SNELLINGS R. Reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in cement blends［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2019, 124: 105799.

[8] [8] ANTONI M, ROSSEN J, MARTIRENA F, et al. Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2012, 42(12): 1579-1589.

[9] [9] SCRIVENER K. Options for the future of cement［J］. Indian Concr J, 2014, 88: 11-21.

[10] [10] SHARMA M, BISHNOI S, MARTIRENA F, et al. Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: a state-of-the-art review［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2021, 149: 106564.

[11] [11] MARTIRENA-HERNNDEZ J F, VIZCANO-ANDRS L M, SNCHEZ-BERRIEL S, et al. Industrial trial to produce a low clinker, low carbon cement［J］. Mater Construcc, 2015, 65(317): e045.

[12] [12] MAITY S, MALLIK A. Pilot scale manufacture of limestone calcined clay cement: the Indian experience［J］. Indian Concr J, 2014, 7: 22-28.

[13] [13] AKINDAHUNSI A A, AVET F, SCRIVENER K. The Influence of some calcined clays from Nigeria as clinker substitute in cementitious systems［J］. Case Stud Constr Mater, 2020, 13: e00443.

[14] [14] TAO Y Z, GAUTAM B P, PRADHAN P M, et al. Characterization and reactivity of Nepali clays as supplementary cementitious material［J］. Case Stud Constr Mater, 2022, 16: e00947.

[18] [18] MSINJILI N S, GLUTH G J G, STURM P, et al. Comparison of calcined illitic clays (brick clays) and low-grade kaolinitic clays as supplementary cementitious materials［J］. Mater Struct, 2019, 52(5): 94.

[19] [19] ZAJAC M, ROSSBERG A, LE SAOUT G, et al. Influence of limestone and anhydrite on the hydration of Portland cements［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2014, 46: 99-108.

[20] [20] MATSCHEI T, LOTHENBACH B, GLASSER F P. The role of calcium carbonate in cement hydration［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2007, 37(4): 551-558.

[21] [21] RADWAN M M, S A S E H. Hydration characteristics of tetracalcium Alumino-Ferrite phase in the presence calcium carbonate［J］. Ceramics-Silikáty, 2019, 55(4): 337-342.

[22] [22] BLACK L, BREEN C, YARWOOD J, et al. In situ Raman analysis of hydrating C3A and C4AF pastes in presence and absence of sulphate［J］. Adv Appl Ceram, 2006, 105(4): 209-216.

[23] [23] CAO Y B, WANG Y R, ZHANG Z H, et al. Thermal stability of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) at moderate temperatures 100-400℃［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2023, 135: 104832.

[24] [24] SHAH V, PARASHAR A, MISHRA G, et al. Influence of cement replacement by limestone calcined clay pozzolan on the engineering properties of mortar and concrete［J］. Adv Cem Res, 2020, 32(3): 101-111.

[25] [25] SCRIVENER K, MARTIRENA F, BISHNOI S, et al. Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3)［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2018, 114: 49-56.

[26] [26] PARASHAR A, BISHNOI S. Hydration behaviour of limestone- calcined clay and limestone-slag blends in ternary cement［J］. RILEM Tech Lett, 2021, 6: 17-24.

[27] [27] ZUNINO F, SCRIVENER K. Microstructural developments of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) pastes after long-term (3years) hydration［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2022, 153: 106693.

[28] [28] ZUNINO F, SCRIVENER K. The reaction between metakaolin and limestone and its effect in porosity refinement and mechanical properties［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2021, 140: 106307.

[29] [29] BRIKI Y, AVET F, ZAJAC M, et al. Understanding of the factors slowing down metakaolin reaction in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) at late ages［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2021, 146: 106477.

[30] [30] AVET F, SCRIVENER K. Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2018, 107: 124-135.

[31] [31] HU C L, TAO Y Z, GAUTAM B P, et al. Performance enhancement of sustainable cementitious material with ultrahigh content limestone and calcined clay［J］. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng, 2022, 10(32): 10733-10742.

[32] [32] SCRIVENER K, AVET F, MARAGHECHI H, et al. Impacting factors and properties of limestone calcined clay cements (LC3)［J］. Green Mater, 2019, 7(1): 3-14.

[33] [33] VAASUDEVAA B V, DHANDAPANI Y, SANTHANAM M. Performance evaluation of limestone-calcined clay (LC2) combination as a cement substitute in concrete systems subjected to short-term heat curing［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2021, 302: 124121.

[34] [34] CASSAGNABRE F, ESCADEILLAS G, MOURET M. Study of the reactivity of cement/metakaolin binders at early age for specific use in steam cured precast concrete［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2009, 23(2): 775-784.

[35] [35] AVET F, LI X R, SCRIVENER K. Determination of the amount of reacted metakaolin in calcined clay blends［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2018, 106: 40-48.

[36] [36] WANG X Y. Evaluation of the properties of cement-calcined Hwangtoh clay-limestone ternary blends using a kinetic hydration model［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2021, 303: 124596.

[37] [37] WANG X Y. Modeling of hydration, compressive strength, and carbonation of Portland-limestone cement (PLC) concrete［J］. Materials (Basel), 2017, 10(2): 115.

[38] [38] LEE H S, WANG X Y. Hydration model and evaluation of the properties of calcined hwangtoh binary blends［J］.Int J Concr Struct Mater, 2021, 15(1): 1-15.

[39] [39] WANG X Y, LUAN Y. Modeling of hydration, strength development, and optimum combinations of cement-slag-limestone ternary concrete［J］.Int J Concr Struct Mater, 2018, 12(1): 1-13.

[40] [40] WANG X Y. Analysis of hydration and strength optimization of cement-fly ash-limestone ternary blended concrete［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2018, 166: 130-140.

[41] [41] DHANDAPANI Y, SANTHANAM M. Assessment of pore structure evolution in the limestone calcined clay cementitious system and its implications for performance［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2017, 84: 36-47.

[42] [42] DHANDAPANI Y, SANTHANAM M, GETTU R, et. al. Perspectives on blended cementitious systems with calcined clay-limestone combination for sustainable low carbon cement transition［J］. Indian Concr J, 2020, 94: 31-45.

[43] [43] AVET F, BOEHM-COURJAULT E, SCRIVENER K. Investigation of C-A-S-H composition, morphology and density in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2019, 115: 70-79.

[44] [44] SALMAN A M, AKINPELU M A, YAHAYA I T, et al. Workability and strengths of ternary cementitious concrete incorporating calcined clay and limestone powder［J］. Mater Today Proc, 2023

[45] [45] SALAU M, OSEMEKE O. Effects of temperature on the pozzolanic characteristics of metakaolin-concrete［J］. Phys Sci Int J, 2015, 6(3): 131-143.

[47] [47] HOU P K, MUZENDA T R, LI Q F, et al. Mechanisms dominating thixotropy in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2021, 140: 106316.

[48] [48] KAWASHIMA S, CHAOUCHE M, CORR D J, et al. Rate of thixotropic rebuilding of cement pastes modified with highly purified attapulgite clays［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2013, 53: 112-118.

[49] [49] QIAN Y, DE SCHUTTER G. Enhancing thixotropy of fresh cement pastes with nanoclay in presence of polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer (PCE)［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2018, 111: 15-22.

[50] [50] LORENTZ B, ZHU H, MAPA D, et al. Effect of Clay Mineralogy, Particle Size, and Chemical Admixtures on the Rheological Properties of CCIL and CCI/II Systems［C］//BISHNOI S. Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. Singapore: Springer, 2020: 211-218.

[51] [51] AVET F, SNELLINGS R, ALUJAS DIAZ A, et al. Development of a new rapid, relevant and reliable (R3) test method to evaluate the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2016, 85: 1-11.

[52] [52] ZUNINO F. Limestone calcined clay cements (LC3): raw material processing, sulfate balance and hydration kinetics［D］. Lausanne: cole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2020.

[53] [53] RUAN Y X, JAMIL T, HU C L, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of sustainable cementitious materials with ultra-high substitution level of calcined clay and limestone powder［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2022, 314: 125416.

[54] [54] LIN R S, LEE H S, HAN Y, et al. Experimental studies on hydration-strength-durability of limestone-cement-calcined Hwangtoh clay ternary composite［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2021, 269: 121290.

[55] [55] DHANDAPANI Y, SAKTHIVEL T, SANTHANAM M, et al. Mechanical properties and durability performance of concretes with Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3)［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2018, 107: 136-151.

[56] [56] BENTZ D P. A virtual rapid chloride permeability test［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2007, 29(10): 723-731.

[57] [57] MARAGHECHI H, AVET F, WONG H, et al. Performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) with various kaolinite contents with respect to chloride transport［J］. Mater Struct, 2018, 51(5): 1-17.

[58] [58] SHI C, YIN J, HU C L. Microstructure, hydration and chloride binding behavior of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) prepared using seawater［J］, J Mater Civil Eng, 2023, 10.1061

[59] [59] MEDJIGBODO G, ROZIRE E, CHARRIER K, et al. Hydration, shrinkage, and durability of ternary binders containing Portland cement, limestone filler and metakaolin［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2018, 183: 114-126.

[60] [60] NAJIMI M, SOBHANI J, POURKHORSHIDI A R. Durability of copper slag contained concrete exposed to sulfate attack［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2011, 25(4): 1895-1905.

[61] [61] SHI Z G, FERREIRO S, LOTHENBACH B, et al. Sulfate resistance of calcined clay-limestone-portland cements［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2019, 116: 238-251.

[62] [62] AKKAYA Y, OUYANG C S, SHAH S P. Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on shrinkage and crack development in concrete［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2007, 29(2): 117-123.

[63] [63] NGUYEN Q D, AFROZ S, ZHANG Y D, et al. Autogenous and total shrinkage of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) concretes［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2022, 314: 125720.

[64] [64] TIRONI A, SCIAN A N, IRASSAR E F. Blended cements with limestone filler and kaolinitic calcined clay: filler and pozzolanic effects［J］. J Mater Civ Eng, 2017, 29(9): 04017116.

[65] [65] SIDNEY M, FRANCIS A J, DAVID D. Concrete［M］. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2003.

[66] [66] SEO J, PARK S, YOON H N, et al. Effect of CaO incorporation on the microstructure and autogenous shrinkage of ternary blend Portland cement-slag-silica fume［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2020, 249: 118691.

[68] [68] LI Z Q. Drying shrinkage prediction of paste containing meta-Kaolin and ultrafine fly ash for developing ultra-high performance concrete［J］. Mater Today Commun, 2016, 6: 74-80.

[69] [69] NAIR N, MOHAMMED HANEEFA K, SANTHANAM M, et al. A study on fresh properties of limestone calcined clay blended cementitious systems［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2020, 254: 119326.

[70] [70] LEI L, PALACIOS M, PLANK J, et al. Interaction between polycarboxylate superplasticizers and non-calcined clays and calcined clays: a review［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2022, 154: 106717.

[71] [71] MUZENDA T R, HOU P K, KAWASHIMA S, et al. The role of limestone and calcined clay on the rheological properties of LC3［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2020, 107: 103516.

[72] [72] NEHDI M L. Clay in cement-based materials: critical overview of state-of-the-art［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2014, 51: 372-382.

[73] [73] MA Y H, SHI C J, LEI L, et al. Research progress on polycarboxylate based superplasticizers with tolerance to clays - A review［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2020, 255: 119386.

[74] [74] ANDERSON R L, RATCLIFFE I, GREENWELL H C, et al. Clay swelling-a challenge in the oilfield［J］. Earth Sci Rev, 2010, 98(3-4): 201-216.

[75] [75] YANJUN R, WANG H N, ZECHEN R, et al. Adsorption of imidazolium-based ionic liquid on sodium bentonite and its effects on rheological and swelling behaviors［J］. Appl Clay Sci, 2019, 182: 105248.

[77] [77] NG S, PLANK J. Study on the interaction of Na-montmorillonite clay with polycarboxylates［C］//Tenth International Conference on Superplasticizers and other Chemical Admixtures. New York, America, 2012: 407-421.

[78] [78] ZINGG A, WINNEFELD F, HOLZER L, et al. Interaction of polycarboxylate-based superplasticizers with cements containing different C3A amounts［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2009, 31(3): 153-162.

[79] [79] NG S, PLANK J. Interaction mechanisms between Na montmorillonite clay and MPEG-based polycarboxylate superplasticizers［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2012, 42(6): 847-854.

[80] [80] SCHMID M, PLANK J. Dispersing performance of different kinds of polycarboxylate (PCE) superplasticizers in cement blended with a calcined clay［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2020, 258: 119576.

[81] [81] LI R, LEI L, SUI T B, et al. Effectiveness of PCE superplasticizers in calcined clay blended cements［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2021, 141: 106334.

[82] [82] AKHLAGHI O, AYTAS T, TATLI B, et al. Modified poly(carboxylate ether)-based superplasticizer for enhanced flowability of calcined clay-limestone-gypsum blended Portland cement［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2017, 101: 114-122.

[92] [92] GONZLEZ J A, DEL C RUIZ M. Bleaching of kaolins and clays by chlorination of iron and titanium［J］. Appl Clay Sci, 2006, 33(3-4): 219-229.

[93] [93] SABIR B B, WILD S, BAI J. Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete: a review［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2001, 23(6): 441-454.

[94] [94] ALMENARES R S, VIZCANO L M, DAMAS S, et al. Industrial calcination of kaolinitic clays to make reactive pozzolans［J］. Case Stud Constr Mater, 2017, 6: 225-232.

[95] [95] TOKYAY M. Cement and concrete mineral admixtures［M］. London: CRC Press, 2016.

[98] [98] TANG S L, WU J J, SONG H T, et al. Research and Design of Suspension Calcining Technology and Equipment for Kaolin［C］// BISHNOI S. Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. Singapore: Springer, 2020: 179-189.

[99] [99] DA SILVA M R C, MALACARNE C S, LONGHI M A, et al. Valorization of Kaolin mining waste from the Amazon region (Brazil) for the low-carbon cement production［J］. Case Stud Constr Mater, 2021, 15: e00756.

[100] [100] CHEN W H, DANG J T, DU H J. Using low-grade calcined clay to develop low-carbon and lightweight strain-hardening cement composites［J］. J Build Eng, 2022, 58: 105023.

[101] [101] MOHIT M, HAFTBARADARAN H, RIAHI H T. Investigating the ternary cement containing Portland cement, ceramic waste powder, and limestone［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2023, 369: 130596.

[102] [102] LIU Y X, LING T, WANG M, et al. Synergic performance of low-kaolinite calcined coal gangue blended with limestone in cement mortars［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2021, 300: 124012.

[103] [103] KRISHNAN S, BISHNOI S. Understanding the hydration of dolomite in cementitious systems with reactive aluminosilicates such as calcined clay［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2018, 108: 116-128.

[104] [104] MASCARIN L, EZ-ZAKI H, GARBIN E, et al. Mitigating the ecological footprint of alkali-activated calcined clays by waste marble addition［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2022, 127: 104382.

[105] [105] KRISHNAN S, KANAUJIA S K, MITHIA S, et al. Hydration kinetics and mechanisms of carbonates from stone wastes in ternary blends with calcined clay［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2018, 164: 265-274.

[106] [106] SALVI MALACARNE C, RUBENS CARDOSO DA SILVA M, DANIELI S, et al. Environmental and technical assessment to support sustainable strategies for limestone calcined clay cement production in Brazil［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2021, 310: 125261.

[107] [107] MARANGU J M. Physico-chemical properties of kenyan made calcined clay-limestone cement (LC3)［J］. Case Stud Constr Mater, 2020, 12: e00333.

[108] [108] CANCIO DAZ Y, SNCHEZ BERRIEL S, HEIERLI U, et al. Limestone calcined clay cement as a low-carbon solution to meet expanding cement demand in emerging economies［J］. Dev Eng, 2017, 2: 82-91.

[109] [109] BISHNOI S, MAITY S. Limestone Calcined Clay Cement: The Experience in India This Far［C］//MARTIRENA F, FAVIER A, SCRIVENER K. Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. Dordrecht: Springer, 2018: 64-68.

[110] [110] Joseph S, Bishnoi S, Maity S. An economic analysis of the production of limestone calcined clay cement in India［J］. Indian Concr J, 2016, 90: 22-27.

[111] [111] MARTIRENA F, SCRIVENER K. Low Carbon Cement LC3 in Cuba: Ways to Achieve a Sustainable Growth of Cement Production in Emerging Economies［C］//MARTIRENA F, FAVIER A, SCRIVENER K. Calcined Clays for Sustainable Concrete. Dordrecht: Springer, 2018: 318-321.

[112] [112] LC3 in use: Applications［OL］. https://lc3.ch/lc3-in-use-applications/

[113] [113] YANG E H, SAHMARAN M, YANG Y, et. al. Rheological control in production of engineered cementitious composites［J］. ACI Mater J, 2009, 106(4): 357-366.

[114] [114] LI V, WU C, WANG S, et. al. Interface tailoring for strain-hardening polyvinyl alcohol-engineered cementitious composite (PVA-ECC)［J］. ACI Mater J, 2002, 99(5): 463-472.

[115] [115] LIU J, ZHANG W Z, LI Z L, et al. Investigation of using limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) in engineered cementitious composites: the effect of propylene fibers and the curing system［J］. J Mater Res Technol, 2021, 15: 2117-2144.

[116] [116] ZHOU Y W, GONG G Q, XI B, et al. Sustainable lightweight engineered cementitious composites using limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)［J］. Compos B Eng, 2022, 243: 110183.

[117] [117] LALRINMAWII E, SAHU S, SARKAR P, et al. Feasible use of recycled foam concrete in cement mortar［J］. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng, 2020, 936(1): 012011.

[118] [118] ALGHAMDI H, SHOUKRY H, ABADEL A A, et al. Performance assessment of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3)-Based lightweight green mortars incorporating recycled waste aggregate［J］. J Mater Res Technol, 2023, 23: 2065-2074.

[119] [119] SHI C, HU C L. Mechanical and thermal insulation properties of clay-based lightweight concrete［C］//International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures. Jinan, China, 2022.

[120] [120] RICHARD P, CHEYREZY M. Composition of reactive powder concretes［J］. Cem Concr Res, 1995, 25(7): 1501-1511.

[121] [121] SUN Y, YU R, WANG S Y, et al. Development of a novel eco-efficient LC2 conceptual cement based ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) incorporating limestone powder and calcined clay tailings: design and performances［J］. J Clean Prod, 2021, 315: 128236.

[122] [122] DONG Y M, LIU Y, HU C L. Towards greener ultra-high performance concrete based on highly-efficient utilization of calcined clay and limestone powder［J］. J Build Eng, 2023, 66: 105836.

[124] [124] CHEN C, HABERT G, BOUZIDI Y, et al. LCA allocation procedure used as an incitative method for waste recycling: an application to mineral additions in concrete［J］. Resour Conserv Recycl, 2010, 54(12): 1231-1240.

[125] [125] ORTIZ O, CASTELLS F, SONNEMANN G. Sustainability in the construction industry: a review of recent developments based on LCA［J］. Constr Build Mater, 2009, 23(1): 28-39.

[126] [126] LU H Y, MASANET E, PRICE L. Evaluation of life-cycle assessment studies of Chinese cement production: challenges and opportunities［C］//ACEEE Summer Study on Energy Efficiency in Industry. California, America, 2009

[127] [127] VAN DEN HEEDE P, DE BELIE N. Environmental impact and life cycle assessment (LCA) of traditional and ‘green’ concretes: literature review and theoretical calculations［J］. Cem Concr Compos, 2012, 34(4): 431-442.

[128] [128] HUMPHREYS K. Toward a sustainable cement industry, Substudy 8: Climate change［J］. http://www.wbcsdcement.org/pdf/final report8. pdf, 2002.

[129] [129] DAMTOFT J S, LUKASIK J, HERFORT D, et al. Sustainable development and climate change initiatives［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2008, 38(2): 115-127.

[130] [130] HENDRIKS C A, WORRELL E, PRICE L, et al. Emission reduction of greenhouse gases from the cement industry［M］Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1999: 939-944.

[131] [131] JOSA A, AGUADO A, HEINO A, et al. Comparative analysis of available life cycle inventories of cement in the EU［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2004, 34(8): 1313-1320.

[132] [132] GJORV O E, SAKAI K. Concrete Technology for a Sustainable Development in the 21st Century ［M］. London: CRC Press, 2000.

[133] [133] PRICE L, WORRELL E, PHYLIPSEN D. Energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in energy-intensive industries in key developing countries［C］//Earth Technologies Forum, Washington DC, America, 1999.

[134] [134] FLOWER D J M, SANJAYAN J G. Green house gas emissions due to concrete manufacture［J］. Int J Life Cycle Assess, 2007, 12(5): 282-288.

[135] [135] CHEN C, HABERT G, BOUZIDI Y, et al. Environmental impact of cement production: detail of the different processes and cement plant variability evaluation［J］. J Clean Prod, 2010, 18(5): 478-485.

[136] [136] GARTNER E. Industrially interesting approaches to “low-CO2” cements［J］. Cem Concr Res, 2004, 34(9): 1489-1498.