Hybrid Stadium Lighting: Artificial Light Compensation for Natural Illumination

Lighting method	Effective lighting	Glare	Longevity /a	Nature of the light source	Occupied area	Transmission distance /m
Tubular daylighting	Direct and scattered light	None	25	Illuminated surface	Comparatively large	<20
Skylights		Exist		Illuminated surface	Large
Optical lighting	Direct light	None	10	Point source	Comparatively small	<60

Table 2. Simulation results of the natural light fill interval

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Table 2. Simulation results of the natural light fill interval

No.	Outdoor illuminance /lx	Diffuser luminous flux /lm	Indoor illumination /lx
1	4500	2705	47
2	9500	5710	99
3	14500	8715	152
4	19500	11720	204
5	24500	14725	255
6	29500	17730	308
7	34500	20735	360
8	39500	23740	411
9	44500	26745	463
10	49500	29750	515

Table 3. Impact factor level table
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Table 3. Impact factor level table
Optimize variable Level
-1 0 1
A 12 15 18
B 16 19 22
C 13 16 19
D 11 14 17
E 34 37 40
F 23 26 29

Table 4. CCD experimental sampling table

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Table 4. CCD experimental sampling table

Group	A	B	C	D	E	F	E_h	σ
1	12	16	13	11	34	23	485	9182
2	18	16	13	11	34	23	517	9017
3	12	22	13	11	34	23	496	8275
4	18	22	13	11	34	23	523	11367
5	12	16	19	11	34	23	475	9000
6	18	16	19	11	34	23	508	10185
7	12	22	19	11	34	23	487	8390
8	18	22	19	11	34	23	513	11402
9	12	16	13	17	34	23	518	6547
10	18	16	13	17	34	23	550	7358
$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$	$⋮$
82	15	19	16	14	37	26	521	2481
83	15	19	16	14	37	26	521	2481
84	15	19	16	14	37	26	521	2481
85	15	19	16	14	37	26	521	2491
86	15	19	16	14	37	26	521	2481

Table 5. Accuracy evaluation parameters
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Table 5. Accuracy evaluation parameters
Index E_h /% σ /%
$R^{2}$ 99.8 98.3
$R_{a d j}^{2}$ 99.7 97.6

Table 6. Comparison before and after optimization
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Table 6. Comparison before and after optimization
Index Average illuminance/lx Minimum illumination/lx Maximum illumination/lx σ Uniformity
Initial value 571 334 674 10063 0.58
Optimal value 499 397 585 2237 0.80

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Qing Sun, Zhamg Meng, Ying Yu, Xiao Chen. Hybrid Stadium Lighting: Artificial Light Compensation for Natural Illumination[J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2025, 62(7): 0722002

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